PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument to assess bullying of nurses, and test the validity and reliability of the instrument. METHODS: The initial thirty items of WPBN-TI were identified through a review of the literature on types bullying related to nursing and in-depth interviews with 14 nurses who experienced bullying at work. Sixteen items were developed through 2 content validity tests by 9 experts and 10 nurses. The final WPBN-TI instrument was evaluated by 458 nurses from five general hospitals in the Incheon metropolitan area. SPSS 18.0 program was used to assess the instrument based on internal consistency reliability, construct validity, and criterion validity. RESULTS: WPBN-TI consisted of 16 items with three distinct factors (verbal and nonverbal bullying, work-related bullying, and external threats), which explained 60.3% of the total variance. The convergent validity and determinant validity for WPBN-TI were 100.0%, 89.7%, respectively. Known-groups validity of WPBN-TI was proven through the mean difference between subjective perception of bullying. The satisfied criterion validity for WPBN-TI was more than .70. The reliability of WPBN-TI was Cronbach's alpha of .91. CONCLUSIONS: WPBN-TI with high validity and reliability is suitable to determine types of bullying in nursing workplace.
Adult ; *Bullying ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Nursing Staff, Hospital/*psychology ; Personality Inventory ; *Program Development ; *Program Evaluation ; Questionnaires ; Workplace

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to describe the experience of Korean university students who participated in a therapeutic community. METHODS: Qualitative descriptive research was used. A focus group, in-depth interviews, participant-observation, and self-reports were used to collect data from 9 Korean university students. Participants lived with drug addicts for 6 weeks at DAYTOP in New York, USA. Thematic analysis was used for data analysis. RESULTS: Seven themes and 32 subthemes were found: 1) understanding myself through mutual observation: self-discovery, self-acceptance, self-differentiation, career choices, breaking an addictive habit; 2) healing emotional wounds: trust building, self-closure, recognition of emotional wounds, peaceful mind; 3) being honest with my emotions: understanding addicts, expression of emotions, attitudes about confrontation, confronting others: 4) expressing myself: time management, expression of thanks, I-message, behavior modification, taking a stand; 5) balancing responsibility: attitudes about leaders and work, sharing work, supplementing, sharing opinions; 6) becoming interested in others: understanding family members, recognition of differences, asking about concerns of others, asking for forgiveness, conversation with family members ; 7) becoming interested in the community: attitudes about community, keeping rules, role model, active participation. CONCLUSION: These results show that a therapeutic community can be effective in changing participants' inner selves and behaviors.
Behavior Therapy ; Career Choice ; Drug Users ; Focus Groups ; Forgiveness ; Humans ; Statistics as Topic ; Therapeutic Community* ; Time Management ; Wounds and Injuries

PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were to explore nurse' bullying experiences according to demographic characteristics and to identify effects of workplace bullying and job stress on turnover intention in hospital nurses. METHODS: One hundred sixty-one graduate students working as nurses were recruited. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Stepwise multiple regression with PASW 18.0. RESULTS: Results show that 23.0% of the nurses interviewed had experienced bullying in the workplace within the last six months and 19.4% had been bullied during the entire employment period. Bullying perpetrators included nurses (52.9%), physicians (23.0%), and patients (17.8%). Bully nurses consisted of senior nurses (63.0%), managers or supervisors (29.6%), colleagues (3.7%), and junior nurses (3.7%). Job turnover intention in hospital nurses was significantly correlated with workplace bullying (r=.20, p=.012) and job stress (r=.37, p<.001). The most significant predictors influencing the turnover intention of hospital nurses were job stress, age, and bullying in total career and these factors accounted for 21.0% of the variance. CONCLUSION: Job stress and bullying significantly influence turnover intention. Therefore, educational programs should be developed and implemented to prevent workplace bullying.
Bullying ; Employment ; Humans ; Intention

PURPOSE: In this study the effects of forgiveness therapy on the resilience, self-esteem, and spirituality of wives of men suffering from alcohol abuse was examined. METHODS: The study design was a quasi-experimental design. Forgiveness therapy was conducted once a week for 12 weeks. Data were obtained from March 2012 to December 2013. Participants were chosen from women in two Alcohol Counseling Centers. Of the 29 participants, 16 were assigned to the experimental group and 13 to the control group. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, chi2-test, and repeated measure ANOVA. RESULTS: There were statistically significantly differences for resilience, self-esteem, and spirituality between the experimental and control groups. Forgiveness therapy improved the resilience, self-esteem, and spirituality in the experimental group compared to the control group (p<.05). In follow-up tests, the experimental group had a statistically significantly increase only in self-esteem. CONCLUSION: This study results show that forgiveness therapy is effective in improving resilience, self-esteem, and spirituality in wives of men suffering from alcohol abuse. Therefore, forgiveness therapy can be considered a useful nursing intervention to promote improvements in emotional stability and provide pain relief for these wives.
Adult ; Alcoholism/diagnosis ; Female ; *Forgiveness ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Program Evaluation ; Questionnaires ; *Resilience, Psychological ; *Self Concept ; *Spirituality ; Spouses/*psychology

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to understand the meaning of gambling addiction from the perspective of problematic gamblers through their life stories. Methods: A narrative approach was utilized for this study. The data were collected from June 1 to September 30, 2019, from a purposive sample of three participants by using in-depth interviews, observations, and note-taking. Results: The participants told their life stories from childhood, stressing the experiences of being abused physically and emotionally by their own families. Their life stories commonly revealed that they became involved in gambling to escape the influence of the violence they had suffered. Due to their childhood abuse experiences, they had various problems, including distorted values toward money, low self-esteem, ambivalent feelings, and a lack of interpersonal coping skills, which often contributed to their addiction problems. Conclusion This study is meaningful in that it tried to understand the current addiction problem by focusing on the individual life experiences from the past to the present. Addiction recovery involves not only stopping the problematic behavior but also forming a new life meaning to lead a confident and independent future.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the association of multiple addiction risks with life satisfaction, depression, and suicidal ideation in Korean adults. METHODS: This study was descriptive correlational. Data were collected in 800 adults (405 males, 395 females) aged 20 to 69 years recruited using the proportional allocation in a city on April 2017. The structured questionnaire consisted of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, the Internet Addiction Proneness Scale for adults, the Problem Gambling Severity Index, the Drug Screening Inventory, the Korean version of the Satisfaction with the Life Scale, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and the Scale for Suicidal Ideation. RESULTS: Adults with multiple addiction risks had a low level of life satisfaction (p=.003) and high levels of depression and suicidal ideation (p<.001) compared to other participants. Multiple addiction risks were associated with low life satisfaction (β=.12), high depression (β=.21), and suicidal ideation (β=.20). Significant factors of life satisfaction were low suicidal ideation, a simple functioning job, high level of education, and unemployment status. CONCLUSION: Multiple addiction risks are associated with life satisfaction, depression, and suicidal ideation. The comprehensive mental health assessment for multiple addictions should precede the development of preventive multidimensional interventions.
Adult ; Behavior, Addictive ; Depression ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Education ; Gambling ; Humans ; Internet ; Male ; Mental Health ; Personal Satisfaction ; Suicidal Ideation ; Unemployment

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore the subjective experiences of those who are abstinent from alcohol to recover from alcoholism. METHODS: A qualitative descriptive study design was used. RESULTS: In this study, 3 clusters of themes and 7 themes were derived: 1. Decision for abstinence - 1) an unavoidable choice and 2) choice due to insight to alcoholism; 2. Difficulties to endure - 1) difficulty with giving up and 2) difficulty with handling; 3. Adaptation to a new lifestyle - 1) satisfaction with trivial rounds of daily life, 2) finding new values, and 3) restoration of broken relationships. CONCLUSION: Abstinence experience among people with alcohol use disorder is decided with a variety of personal motives. Abstinence experience includes giving up relationships with people and pleasure with alcohol as well as difficulties with enduring stress without alcohol. However, participants who were abstinent from alcohol were satisfied with their new lifestyles, had new life values, and were respected by their family and others. Therefore, healthcare providers needed to understand abstinence experience to support people with alcohol use disorder who have passed through a difficult process of alcohol abstinence.
Alcohol Abstinence ; Alcoholics ; Alcoholism ; Health Personnel ; Humans ; Life Style ; Male ; Pleasure ; Qualitative Research

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a theory on the gambling addiction process in adults who experienced domestic violence in childhood. Methods: Data were collected from 20 adults from May 1st to August 30th, 2020. Data were analyzed using grounded theory methodology as suggested by Strauss and Corbin. Results: The core category of this study was revealed to be ‘becoming addicted to gambling to avoid the physical and emotional pain caused by childhood domestic violence and be rewarded’. The core phenomenon was ‘struggle from pain’, which was derived from casual and contextual conditions: ‘ruthless physical violence’, ‘intolerable psychological pain’, and ‘bystand of violence’, ‘family addiction problem’. ‘parental immoral attitude’, The action and interaction strategies were ‘making money by any means’, and ‘gambling to forget the pain’. The intervening conditions affecting them were ‘a distorted view of money’, ‘resignation to helpless’, and ‘avoiding emotional distress’. The phases abbreviated through the produced process were the trauma phase, the avoidance phase, and the addiction phase. Conclusion Adults became addicted to gambling as a manifestation of distorted compensation mentality in an attempt to avoid the physical and emotional trauma of domestic violence in childhood.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify how women who were adult children of alcoholics and spouses of alcoholics had grown up in difficult situations and found the meaning of life. Methods: This study used a life history research method and data were collected from three participants who are adult children of alcoholics and spouses of alcoholics. In-depth interviews with each participant were conducted three times from September to October 2020. Results: In this study, ‘realm of life’ includes taking care of the family like a young hero, difficulty in express one’s feelings and desire, facing the problems of the family at stake. ‘Turning point’ meeting a role model overcoming addiction problems, sharing one’s story in the Therapeutic Community, self-awareness to live independently not as a victim. ‘Adaptation’ includes recognizing and expressing one’s thoughts and feelings, trying to separate from the family psychologically and spatially, reinterpretation of one’s life and discovery of the meaning of life. Conclusion Their meaning of life was to love and respect themselves, make responsible choices in their circumstances, break the inheritance of addiction and had a healthy family life. Therefore, it is necessary to provide an existential meaning therapy program that helps them find the meaning of life and recover to their original self.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a theory on the gambling addiction process in adults who experienced domestic violence in childhood. Methods: Data were collected from 20 adults from May 1st to August 30th, 2020. Data were analyzed using grounded theory methodology as suggested by Strauss and Corbin. Results: The core category of this study was revealed to be ‘becoming addicted to gambling to avoid the physical and emotional pain caused by childhood domestic violence and be rewarded’. The core phenomenon was ‘struggle from pain’, which was derived from casual and contextual conditions: ‘ruthless physical violence’, ‘intolerable psychological pain’, and ‘bystand of violence’, ‘family addiction problem’. ‘parental immoral attitude’, The action and interaction strategies were ‘making money by any means’, and ‘gambling to forget the pain’. The intervening conditions affecting them were ‘a distorted view of money’, ‘resignation to helpless’, and ‘avoiding emotional distress’. The phases abbreviated through the produced process were the trauma phase, the avoidance phase, and the addiction phase. Conclusion Adults became addicted to gambling as a manifestation of distorted compensation mentality in an attempt to avoid the physical and emotional trauma of domestic violence in childhood.