We examined the anti-arteriosclerosis effects of spa treatment in diabetes. We also conducted a comparative study which included non-diabetes patients and diabetes patients who did not receive spa treatment. Methods: Subjects were 104 spa-treated diabetes inpatients at this hospital (Group 1), 60 spa-treated non-diabetes inpatients at this hospital (Group 2), and 28 diabetes patients at other facilities who did not receive spa treatment (Group 3). Ankle-brachial index (ABI) tests were conducted upon admittance and discharge. Results: ABI for diabetes patients (Group 1) showed significant improvement from 1.10±0.01 to 1.12±0.01 on the right side (p<0.01). The left side also showed significant improvement from 1.06±0.02 to 1.09±0.01 (p<0.01). However, non-diabetes patients (Group 2) showed no change on the right side (1.09±0.01 to 1.07±0.02) or left side (1.08±0.01 to 1.06±0.02). Diabetes patients who did not receive spa treatment (Group 3) also showed no change on the right side (1.07±0.03 to 1.05±0.03) or the left side (1.05±0.03 to 1.06±0.03). Discussion: We measured the patients in Group 1, before and after spa treatment, for arteriosclerosis markers Total PAI-1 and high sensitivity C-reactive protein, oxidative stress marker TNF-α, and good adipocytokine adiponectin. Total PAI-1 showed a decrease, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein and TNF-α showed a significant decrease, while adiponectin showed a significant increase. Spa treatment was shown to effectively fight arteriosclerosis and inflammation, and to improve endothelial functions. Conclusion: The changes shown in this study were not seen in non-diabetes patients and diabetes patients who did not receive spa treatment. Therefore, we believe that spa treatment is beneficial for pathological changes caused by diabetes that are particularly skewed towards arteriosclerosis.

Objective: While electromyographic data on healthy individuals during aquatic exercise have been reported, few studies have examined long-term changes in patients’ muscle strength after 30-day intervention. This study aims to study the long-term effects of repeated hot spring aquatic exercise combined with physical therapy on patients’ muscle strength and endurance. Methods: A total of 12 patients (mean age: 71.9±13.1; FIM score: 117±7.5; the number of patients with cerebrovascular disease: 5; and the number of patients with orthopedic disease: 7) who suffer decreased muscle strength and endurance in addition to sensory and balance dysfunction due to paralysis or fracture, were studied. Each hot spring aquatic exercise session consisted of walking forward and backward, hip abduction, flexion, and extension, lunge, and squat, which lasted approximately 15 minutes. The loading level was set at a pulse of 77±11.2 → 84±13.5/minute, with a perceived exertion rate (modified Borg Scale) of 0.7±1.0 → 2.4±2.3. During the intervention period, conventional physical therapy was also performed on the patients in parallel. Measurement was performed 4 times, immediately, 10, 20, and 30 days after the initiation of intervention. Measurement items were the 6-minute walking distance (6MD) for an index of endurance, CS-30 score for an index of muscle strength, and hip flexor, extensor, and abductor, knee flexor and extensor, and ankle plantar and dorsiflexor strength using a hand-held dynamometer (HHD). Results: The 6MD and CS-30 scores improved 20 days after, and the hip flexor and extensor, knee flexor, and ankle plantar and dorsiflexor strength improved 30 days after the initiation of intervention. Those patients with higher ADL levels showed improvements markedly in 6MD score. Measurements conducted on some patients 60 days after the initiation showed improvements in the 6MD and CS-30 scores. Discussion: While it has been reported by other studies that the muscle activity level in the aquatic exercise is lower compared to that in the ordinary physical therapy, the results of CS-30, 6MD and HHD scores after the 30-day intervention in this study show the improvements at the muscle strength and endurance of each joint. This may be because the buoyancy and viscosity of water have contributed to the adjustment of the suitable exercise intensity level, which depends on each patient’s disability, the endurance and strength of the muscles involved in standing up and walking are improved. Based on these results, it is said that the intervention combining hot spring aquatic exercise and physical therapy should be continued for more than 20 days to improve the CS-30 score and 6MD, and more than 30 days to promote the muscle strength of each joint.

Objective: Our previous studies suggested that hot spring aquatic exercise may immediately improve the balance ability. As the long-term effects of such repeated exercise have not yet been examined, this present study aims to analyze them, focusing on the balance-related physical indexes. Methods: A total of 12 patients (the number of cerebrovascular disease patients: 5; the number of orthopedic disease patients: 7; mean age: 71.9±13.1; FIM: 117±7.5; and FBS score: 46.4±6.7), who had been treated with hot spring aquatic exercise therapy in our hospital were studied. Each patient showed decreased balance ability due to paralysis, sensory disturbance, or fracture. The measurement indexes were the ability to bend forward while sitting with their legs straight, Functional Balance Scale (FBS), Functional Reach Test (FRT) and Timed Up and Go (TUG) scores, sensory function was measured by the instrument (Semmes-Weinstein Monofilaments), and skin stiffness. Those were measured immediately, 10, 20, and 30 days after the initiation of the intervention.   Furthermore, indexes of eight patients out of those were measured 60 days after the initiation. Each exercise session consisted of walking forward and backward, hip abduction, flexion, and extension, lunge, and squat, which lasted approximately 15 minutes. The loading level was set at a pulse of 77±11.2 ≧ 84±13.5/minute, with a perceived exertion rate (modified Borg Scale) of 0.7±1.0 ≧ 2.4±2.3. Results: The ability to bend forward while sitting with their legs straight, TUG, FBS and sensory function, scores have improved significantly. Any significant improvements were not observed on FRT and skin stiffness. Discussion: The improvement of the sensory function was observed in patients with cerebrovascular disease. This would be because these therapies have the effect on the improvement of higher neuronal function. It is assumed that training efficiency in itself was improved, as the buoyancy and hydrostatic pressure assisted the patients to keep balance.   This exercise showed more effectiveness on the complicated balance indexes. On evaluation of each balance index, the TUG scores significantly improved significantly, while the FRT scores did not show any effects. As the balance-related indexes started to show improvements 30 days after the initiation, it should be recommended to continue this exercise for 30 days or more. Furthermore, in those who had not reached the maximum FBS score 30 days after the initiation, the improvement in scores was observed after 60 days. Further studies will be necessary to analyze these physical indexes, which showed improvements so that more effective exercises for each patient can be programmed taking the relevant balance-related physical indexes into account.