PURPOSE: Smoking temptation is communicated frequently among people related to smoking cessation and has specific meanings within the context of smoking. However, the concept of smoking temptation has not been well articulated in the literatures. This study was conducted to clarify and to conceptualize the phenomena of smoking temptation. METHOD: The Hybrid Model of concept development was applied to develop a concept of smoking temptation, which included a field study carried out in Seoul, South Korea using in-depth interviews with 5 adult smokers. RESULT: The concept of smoking temptation emerged as a complex phenomenon having meanings in several different dimensions which encompassed several attributes. In addition, the conceptual structure of smoking temptation centered around five dimensions: Response to conditioned stimuli, Distancing from harsh reality, Nicotine dependency, Habitual routine, and Lack of control. CONCLUSION: Smoking temptation is a concept that needs to be treated in a specified individual way and it is possible to enrich the meanings and methods to manage smoking temptation in nursing smoking cessation interventions that its application may have positive impacts on patients' well being.
Adult ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Smoking/*psychology ; Smoking Cessation/*psychology

Delusions ; psychology ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Psychotic Disorders ; psychology ; Syndrome

This study was performed to examine the relationship between the abstinence results of alcohol dependents after discharge and the level of insight at the time of discharge. 117 male Korean alcohol dependents discharged from a community-based alcohol treatment center were followed up to determine the initial months of abstinence on a successive basis (IMA), total months of abstinence during 12-month period (TMA), and complete abstinence for one full year after discharge. Analyses of abstinence results with adjustment for the differences in baseline characteristics were performed for subjects' insight levels (poor, fair and good). The mean IMA of patients with good insight was significantly (p<0.01) longer than that of patients with poor insight and TMA of patients with good insight was significantly (p<0.001) longer than that of others. Using patients with good insight as the reference, patients with poor insight showed an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 0.07 (95% confidence interval [CI]=0.01-0.75, p<0.05) for complete abstinence for one full year after discharge and patients with fair insight, adjusted OR of 0.17 (95% CI=0.03-0.81, p<0.05). These results suggest that alcohol dependents' insight could be regarded as a factor related with abstinence.
Temperance/*psychology ; Middle Aged ; Male ; Humans ; Alcoholism/*psychology ; Adult

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationships between the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) psychological type and marital satisfaction, divorce proneness, positive affect, and conflict regulation in couple visiting a clinic. METHODS: Couples (n=62) who visited "M" couple clinic participated in the study. Data were collected from March to June 2009 using the Marital Satisfaction Scale, Marital Status Inventory, Positive Affect Inventory, and Conflict Regulation Inventory. RESULTS: The couples showed no significant differences in marital satisfaction, positive affect, and conflict regulation according to similarities between spouses in MBTI types. However, they showed significant differences in divorce proneness of husband according to a similarity in the Sensing/Intuition indicator. They also showed significant differences in divorce proneness, positive affect, and conflict regulation between the couples for ISTJ (Introversion, Sensing, Thinking, Judging) or ESTJ (Extraversion, Sensing, Thinking, Judging) types compared to other couples. CONCLUSION: When nurses counsel couples, they should understand that differences in psychological type between spouses affects their marital relationship. In addition, nurses should educate couples on the characteristics of each type according to the couple's types and help them to understand each other, especially for couples where one spouse is the ISTJ/ESTJ type. These interventions will improve marital satisfaction and prevent the divorce in these couples.
Adult ; *Conflict (Psychology) ; *Divorce ; Extraversion (Psychology) ; Female ; Humans ; Introversion (Psychology) ; Judgment ; Male ; *Marriage ; Middle Aged ; *Personality Inventory ; Spouses/psychology ; Thinking

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the factors related to the wellbeing of the family caregivers of the elderly with a stroke. METHODS: The subjects of this study were 199 elderly treated in four oriental hospitals in Korea, and their primary family caregivers. The data was collected by interviewsand a self reported questionnaire, during the period from October, 2003 to April, 2004. RESULTS: The results of this study were as follows. The mean score of wellbeing of family caregivers was 60.6412.63. The factors related to wellbeing of family caregivers were sex, age, education, depression, illness severity, ADL, paralysis, and speech disability in elderly characteristics. Among family caregivers characteristics, education, relation, and burden were significantly related. In situational variables, family income and the previous relationship between the elderly and family caregivers were related to wellbeing. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the most powerful predictor of wellbeing was the burden of family caregivers. A combination of the depression of elderly and age of family caregivers accounted for 50.3% of the variance of wellbeing. CONCLUSIONS: On developing the nursing intervention for improving wellbeing of family caregivers, many factors should be considered, especially caregiver burden, and elderly depression.
Aged ; Caregivers/*psychology ; Female ; Home Nursing/*psychology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Questionnaires ; Regression Analysis ; Stroke/*nursing

OBJECTIVETo verify the clinical efficacy of acupuncture and moxibustion on depressive states of stroke patients' spouses.

METHODSForty-four subjects who were stroke patients' spouses and according with inclusive criteria with mild or moderate depressive states were randomly divided into an acupuncture-moxibustion group and a blank control group, 22 cases in each group. In the acupuncture-moxibustion group, acupuncture was applied at Baihui (GV 20), Shenting (GV 24), Sishencong (EX-HN 1), Hegu (LI 4), Zusanli (ST 36) and Taichong (LR 3), and suspended moxibustion was used at Shenque (CV 8), Guanyuan (CV 4) and Zhongwan (CV 12). The treatment was given twice a week for continuous 8 weeks. In the blank control group, neither acupuncture nor moxibustion treatment was given, and the patients were only treated with health and psychological guidance. Before treatment and after 8-week treatment, scores of self-rating depression scale (SDS) and numbers of insomnia severity grade were observed.

RESULTSIn the two groups, the scores of SDS were both reduced than those before treatment (both P<0.05), and the decrease in the acupuncture-moxibustion group was more obvious (P<0.05). After treatment, the number of insomnia severity grade in the acupuncture-moxibustion group was improved than that before treatment (P<0.001), and the improvement was evidently superior to that in the blank control group (P<0.05). The numbers of insomnia severity grade of the blank control group before and after treatment had no statistic significance (P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe acupuncture and moxibustion intervention plan has clinical treatment significance on the improvement of mild and moderate depressive states for the stroke patients' primary caregivers who are the patients' spouses.

Aged ; Depression ; therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Moxibustion ; Spouses ; psychology ; Stroke ; psychology

BACKGROUNDThe spectrum of abnormal behaviors in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease (ALS/MND) has been described, but its practical meaning, namely its impact on caregiver burden, has not been clearly documented in Chinese population. This study aimed to assess the distribution of abnormal behaviors in Chinese population, and to analyze the relationship between behavior changes and caregiver burden.

METHODSSixty-five patients with ALS/MND have been consecutively enrolled into registry platform of Peking Union Medical College Hospital. An investigation was performed to these patients and their caregivers using the revised ALS function rating scale, Frontal Behavioral Inventory-ALS version, the Frontal Assessment Battery, and the Caregiver Burden Inventory.

RESULTSTwenty-eight (43.1%) patients displayed abnormal behaviors of varying degrees, with one fulfilling the diagnostic criteria of frontotemporal lobe degeneration. Irritability, logopenia, and inflexibility ranked top 3 of abnormal behavior list. Correlation analysis revealed that the degree of behavioral change and frontal cognitive status were significantly associated with caregiver burden, with more extensive impact from disinhibitive behaviors. Analysis of covariance analysis showed that after associated factors were corrected, caregivers of patients with moderate to severe behavior change reported significantly heavier developmental burden, physical burden, and total burden than those with no behavioral change.

CONCLUSIONSNeurobehavioral symptoms could present in around 40% of Chinese patients with ALS/MND, and the distribution of these behaviors was also unique. Besides, abnormal behaviors were highly related to caregivers' burden.

Adult ; Aged ; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ; physiopathology ; psychology ; Behavioral Symptoms ; physiopathology ; psychology ; Caregivers ; psychology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Quality of Life

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a Korean questionnaire to measure resilience in children with chronic illness. METHODS: Item construction was drawn from an extensive review of the literature, existing questionnaires and interviews with parents. Content validity was tested by experts. To further refine the questionnaire and test its reliability and validity, data were collected from the 202 children with asthma, diabetes mellitus or nephrotic syndrome. Corrected items were used to total correlation coefficient and test-retest reliability. Questionnaire testing was conducted using factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha, and correlation coefficients. Validity of the questionnaire was tested using internal consistency, construct validity, and criterion-related validity. RESULTS: Components of the questionnaire were in three domains; interpersonal characteristics, characteristics of coping, and intrapersonal characteristics. Factor analysis is showed five factors; positive self-understanding, self-reliance, resourcefulness, perception of positive family relationships, and intimacy. The questionnaire showed a high internal consistency. A significant positive correlation with the Numerical Rating Score and negative correlation with the Child Depression Inventory support the validity of the questionnaire. CONCLUSION: This instrument demonstrated high reliability and validity. Therefore, this instrument can contribute to the evaluation of resilience of chronically ill children and to any subsequent intervention as well as to develop a theory for resilience.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Asthma/*psychology ; Child ; Chronic Disease ; Depression/psychology ; Diabetes Mellitus/*psychology ; Humans ; Interviews as Topic ; Middle Aged ; Nephrotic Syndrome/*psychology ; Parents/psychology ; Program Evaluation ; *Questionnaires ; *Resilience, Psychological

PURPOSE: This study examined the relationship between sexual changes and adjustment and identified the factors which affect adjustment after a hysterectomy. METHOD: The subjects were 89 women under 50 years of age registered at gynecology departments of general hospitals in Seoul. RESULT: 60.7% of the women restarted coitus during six weeks to three months post operation. They felt a decrease in vaginal secretions (68%), and abdominal and pelvic pain (59.8%), but2/3 of them didn't change the frequency of coitus and level of orgasm. With respect to the adaptability of the sexual life, there was a significant difference in the time to restart coitus, lack of vaginal secretions, abdominal and pelvic pain, change of frequency of coitus, experience of orgasm, importance of sex and avoidance of coitus, according to job, income, and health condition. CONCLUSION: It is appropriate to restart coitus six weeks to three months after surgery and preliminary information should be given to patients after surgery as abdominal and pelvic pain could be relieved after twelve months. Also, sexual adjustment can be improved if they can recognize the changes after surgery from sexual life before surgery.
Middle Aged ; Hysterectomy/*psychology ; Humans ; Female ; Coitus ; Adult ; Adaptation, Psychological

PURPOSE: A dance exercise program was performed to investigate the effects of exercise on exercise intention and exercise-related affect as these are important determinants of exercise behavior. METHOD: The subjects were overweight (23or=25) postmenopausal women (n=14), who participated in an exercise program from May, 2003 through November, 2003 at one public health center located in Kyong-gi Province. Data was analyzed with an SAS PC program. RESULT: Exercise intention was significantly increased after the exercise program (t=-2.24, P=0.04). Exercise-related affect was also increased, but there was no statistically significant change (t=1.81, P=0.09). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that exercise participation can increase the level of future exercise behavior by increasing exercise intention and exercise-related affect.
*Affect ; *Dancing ; *Exercise ; Female ; Humans ; Intention ; Middle Aged ; Postmenopause/*psychology