Il Chun Yu was the first Korean microbiologist and the Korean student who studied in Germany He got the two doctor degree : one in Freiburg University of Germany in 1924 and the other Keio University of Japan in 1926 He became a professor of Kyungsung Medical Junior College in 1926 and as the first grade scholar in the Korean microbiology field He issued many essays in several mass communication media to cultivate people and played an important role in the field of health hygiene by contributing to the improvement of health hygiene.
Germany ; History, 20th Century ; Hygiene/*history ; Korea ; Microbiology/*history ; Typhus, Epidemic Louse-Borne/*history

Agriculture ; education ; history ; History, 20th Century ; Microbiology ; economics ; history ; Penicillins ; history ; Portraits as Topic

Alcohols ; metabolism ; Bioreactors ; microbiology ; History, 20th Century ; Microbiology ; history ; Molasses ; microbiology

Agriculture ; history ; China ; History, 20th Century ; Microbiology ; history ; Nitrogen Fixation ; Secondary Metabolism

Chinese tongue diagnosis was initially developed to quickly and efficiently diagnose and prescribe medicine, while at the same time allowing the doctor to have minimal contact with the patient. At the time of its compiling, the spread of Yersinia pestis, often causing septicaemia and gangrene of the extremities, may have discouraged doctors to come in direct contact with their patients and take the pulse. However, in recent decades, modern developments in the field of traditional Chinese medicine, as well as the spread of antibiotics in conjunction with the advancements of microbiology, have overshadowed the original purpose of this methodology. Nevertheless, the fast approaching post-antibiotic era and the development of artificial intelligence may hold new applications for tongue diagnosis. This article focuses on the historical development of what is the world's earliest tongue diagnosis monograph, and discusses the directions that such knowledge may be used in future clinical research.
China ; Diagnosis, Differential ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Medicine in Literature ; history ; Plague ; diagnosis ; history ; microbiology ; therapy ; Tongue ; chemistry ; Yersinia pestis ; physiology

INTRODUCTIONThe National University Hospital (NUH) was the first restructured public hospital in Singapore. As the most recently established hospital in Singapore, it has a unique record of alert organisms including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

MATERIALS AND METHODSWe performed a critical review of multiple data sources including surveillance reports, task force reports, published abstracts and manuscripts concerning MRSA in NUH.

RESULTSThree themes emerged: 1) the MRSA rates have remained relatively stable through the life of the hospital despite the increased complexity of patients and intermittent intensified control efforts; 2) the major MRSA task forces were driven by surgeons and 3) a scientific approach to epidemiology has a critical role in understanding and planning interventions.

CONCLUSIONAlthough containment of MRSA can be accomplished to a certain degree through mobilisation of existing resources, higher goals such as eradication would require massive infusions of infrastructural, scientific and human resources to have a chance of success.

History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Hospitals, University ; history ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infection Control ; history ; methods ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ; drug effects ; Population Surveillance ; Singapore ; Staphylococcal Infections ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; prevention & control

INTRODUCTIONThe use of an additional biopsy from the gastric body may help improve the detection of Helicobacter pylori during endoscopy. This study aimed to determine whether such an additional biopsy is necessary in routine rapid urease test (RUT), and whether acid suppression and antibiotic therapy affect RUT results.

METHODSPatients recruited had two gastric mucosal biopsies taken - one from the gastric antrum and the other from the gastric body. Each biopsy was placed into separate RUT kits. Information on previous or current use of proton-pump inhibitors, H2 receptor antagonist, bismuth and antibiotics was obtained. Patients on any of those drugs one week prior to endoscopy were considered to have a positive drug history (PDH).

RESULTSOf the 400 patients recruited, 311 had negative RUTs and 89 had at least one positive RUT. Between the PDH and negative drug history (NDH) groups, there was a significant difference in the distribution of the location of the biopsies that yielded positive RUTs (p = 0.023). The NDH group had a higher proportion of patients who had positive RUTs for both locations, whereas the PDH group had a higher proportion of patients who had positive RUTs for only one location.

CONCLUSIONAs RUT results are significantly affected by the use of acid suppression and antibiotic therapies, biopsies for RUT should be taken from both the gastric antrum and body to minimise false negative results.

Adult ; Aged ; Antacids ; pharmacology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; pharmacology ; Endoscopy ; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal ; Female ; Gastric Mucosa ; microbiology ; pathology ; Gastrointestinal Diseases ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Helicobacter Infections ; diagnosis ; Helicobacter pylori ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Singapore ; epidemiology ; Urease ; analysis