Introduction: DRESS is an uncommon severe cutaneous adverse drug reaction, which is under recognized. In this review, we aim to study the clinical characteristics of patients with DRESS that presented to our hospital. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis on the data of all the patients with DRESS from January 2006 to December 2012 in Selayang Hospital. Results: Twenty-one patients were included with median age of 33 and male to female ratio of 1:1. Allopurinol was the most frequent causative drug followed by anti-tuberculous drugs. The mean latency period was 28.6 days. All patients had macula-papular rash of which 6 progressed to erythroderma. Liver was the most frequent extra cutaneous organ involvement with median peak alanine transaminase of 746 iu/l, (range 45-3677) and median peak aspartate transaminase of 632 iu/l (range 30-3136). Six patients (28.5%) had acute liver failure. The mainstay of treatment was systemic corticosteroid. Mortality rate was 23.8%. Conclusion: DRESS is a severe cutaneous adverse drug reaction with a myriad of clinical presentation and is associated with mortality. Our series has higher mortality compared to most other reported studies, most probably due to referral bias. Early recognition is crucial.

Introduction: Bekam, an Islamic variant of cupping, is an ancient form of traditional medicine still practised today in Malaysia. There are published findings indicating that cupping benefits patients with low back pain, other musculoskeletal pain and even pain from cancer, herpes zoster and trigeminal neuralgia when pain is measured on an analogue scale. We proposed to investigate whether in addition to pain improvement on an analogue scale we could show if pain relief might be demonstrated in terms of reduction of analgesic use. Methods: We carried out a retrospective cross sectional study on subjects who had been for outpatient clinic treatment with chronic pain of at least one month and who completed at least two bekam therapy sessions. In addition to documenting a pain score before and after therapy we documented their analgesic consumption. Results: A total of 77 respondents, with overlapping symptoms of headache, backache and joint pains were included. The mean pain score before bekam therapy was 6.74±1.78, and was 2.66±1.64 after two sessions of therapy. Twenty eight respondents completed six sessions of bekam therapy and had a mean pain score of 2.25±1.32 after. Thirty-four patients consumed analgesic medication before starting bekam therapy and only twelve did so after. The consumption of analgesics was significantly lower after bekam therapy. Conclusions: Bekam therapy appears to help patients experience less pain and reduce the amount of analgesic medication they consume. Nevertheless only a randomised prospective study will eliminate the biases a retrospective study is encumbered with and we believe would be worth doing.
Medicine, Traditional ; Chronic Pain

INTRODUCTIONSensori-neural hearing loss (SNHL) is a frequent complication of conventional radiotherapy for head and neck tumours, especially nasopharyngeal carcinoma. To manage radiation-induced ototoxicity appropriately, an understanding of the cellular and molecular basis of this complication is necessary.

MATERIALS AND METHODSA medline search of relevant literature was done, focusing on the radiation-induced cellular and molecular processes that lead to hair cell death in the cochlea.

RESULTSRadiation-induced SNHL occurs in the cochlea, with the retro-cochlear pathways remaining functionally intact. By simulating radiotherapy regimes used clinically, radiation-induced cochlear cell degeneration in the absence of damage to the supporting structures and blood vessels has been demonstrated in animals. This could be due to apoptotic cochlear cell death, which has been shown to be associated with p53 upregulation and intra-cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Oxidative stress may initiate the upstream processes that lead to apoptosis and other cell death mechanisms.

CONCLUSIONSA model of radiation-induced SNHL based on a dose and ROS-dependent cochlear cell apoptosis, is proposed. This model supports the feasibility of cochlear implantation, should one be clinically indicated. It can explain clinical observations such as radiation-induced SNHL being dose-dependent and affects the high frequencies more than the lower frequencies. It also opens up the possibility of preventive strategies targeted at different stages of the apoptotic process. Antioxidants look promising as effective agents to prevent radiation-induced ototoxicity; they target upstream processes leading to different cell death mechanisms that may co-exist in the population of damaged cells.

Animals ; Cell Death ; Cell Line ; Cochlea ; radiation effects ; Genes, p53 ; Hair Cells, Auditory ; radiation effects ; Hearing Loss, Sensorineural ; etiology ; genetics ; physiopathology ; Humans ; Mice ; Radiation Injuries ; complications ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; metabolism

INTRODUCTIONWeight management programmes (WMPs) can help overweight individuals lose weight, and thus prevent complications associated with obesity. Herein, we describe the demographic profile, clinical characteristics, motivations and expectations, and outcomes of patients enrolled in a nonsurgical WMP.

METHODSThis was a retrospective study of consecutive patients with a body mass index (BMI) of > 23 kg/m2 enrolled in the four-month WMP at the Health For Life Clinic, Alexandra Hospital, Singapore, between 1 and 31 August 2009. Demographic data, medical history and source of referral were recorded. Details on personal motivations and weight loss goals were obtained from the completed self-administered questionnaires of the WMP participants. Weight, waist circumference, fat percentage and BMI were measured at the start and end of the WMP. A weight loss of ≥ 5% was deemed as a successful outcome.

RESULTSA total of 58 patients (mean age 37.2 years) were included in our study. Of these 58 patients, 58.6% were of Chinese ethnicity and 55.2% were male. Many patients (32.8%) attributed their weight gain to work- or study-related stress, and a minority to poor eating habits (12.1%) or a lack of exercise (10.3%). Patients' motivations included a desire for better health (53.4%) and better fitness (15.5%). However, only 53.4% patients scored their motivation as high (i.e. a score of > 7). The mean expected weight loss was 9.9 kg at 4 months, and 14.1 kg at 12 months. Among the 40 patients (69.0%) who completed the programme, the mean percentage weight loss was 1.8 ± 4.3%. A weight loss of ≥ 5% was achieved by 8 (13.8%) patients.

CONCLUSIONAlthough the patients in our study cohort were young and educated, only a portion of them appeared to be highly motivated to lose weight, despite joining the WMP. There is a need for patients to be guided on how to set realistic weight loss goals.

Adult ; Aged ; Body Mass Index ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Motivation ; Obesity ; psychology ; therapy ; Overweight ; psychology ; therapy ; Retrospective Studies ; Singapore ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Treatment Outcome ; Weight Loss ; Weight Reduction Programs ; methods ; Young Adult

Objective: To investigate the rate of asymptomatic recurrence of stage 1 endometrioid endometrial cancer and assess the role of routine hospital follow-up after treatment. Methods: We performed a retrospective case-note review study of women who were diagnosed with stage 1 endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma at Queen’s Hospital, Romford, between January 2008 and December 2016. Results: We included 299 patients with a median follow-up period of 44.4 months. All the patients underwent total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Adjuvant radiotherapy was offered to the patients subsequent to discussions in the multidisciplinary team meeting in accordance with the risk stratification criteria. There was no significant correlation between the risk factors and disease recurrence. In total, 11 patients presented with recurrent disease with original staging: 1a, n=6/199; and 1b, n=5/100. Four patients presented with vaginal bleeding due to vault recurrence and one patient with abdominal pain due to pelvic mass. Locoregional recurrence was an incidental finding in two other patients. Four patients presented with symptomatic distant metastases to the lung (n=2), liver (n=1), and bone (n=1). No asymptomatic recurrences were identified on routine follow-ups, despite several hospital appointments and clinical examinations. The recurrence rate for patients with stage 1a and 1b, grade 1, and grade 2 disease was 3.53%, and that for patients with stage 1a, grade 1, and grade 2 disease was 2.7%. Conclusion Routine clinical examinations have a low yield in finding recurrence in asymptomatic women and should be questioned for their value, considering the limited resources of the National Health Service (NHS). Larger studies are required to support a stratified follow-up, which will include telephone and patient-initiated follow-up.

ovarian cancer ; ovarian neoplasms

BACKGROUNDUnhygienic blood collection in the early 1990s led to blood-borne infections in Central China. This study aimed to estimate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection with hepatitis C and B viruses (HCV and HBV) and their risk factors in a rural area of Shanxi Province with a history of commercial blood donation.

METHODSA cross-sectional study was conducted in 2004. All adult residents in the target area were invited to participate in the study. Face-to-face interviews were completed and blood specimens were tested for HIV, HCV, and HBV surface antigen (HBsAg).

RESULTSPrevalence rates of HIV, HCV, and HBsAg were 1.3% (40/3 062), 12.7% (389/3 062), and 3.5% (103/2982), respectively. Of the 40 HIV-positive specimens, 85% were HCV positive and 2.5% were HBsAg positive. The history of commercial blood donation was positively associated with HIV, HCV, and HIV/HCV co-infections, but was negatively associated with HBsAg seropositivity. Migration for employment in the last 5 years was positively related to HIV, HBsAg, and HIV/HCV co-infections. Univariate logistic analysis showed that illegal drug use, number of sex partners, extramarital sex behavior, commercial sex behavior, and condom use rate were not related to anti-HIV, anti-HCV, HBsAg seropositivity or their co-infections.

CONCLUSIONThe history of commercial blood donation was the main risk factor for HIV, HCV, and HIV/HCV co-infections in this former commercial blood donation area. HIV and HCV prevention and treatment interventions are important in this area.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Blood Donors ; China ; epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; HIV Infections ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Hepatitis B ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Hepatitis C ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Transfusion Reaction ; Young Adult

INTRODUCTION: Telestroke allows for remote determination of suitability for treatment with thrombolysis in patients with acute ischaemic stroke. However, this approach is time-dependent and most centres have yet to achieve the recommended treatment times. We describe a quality improvement initiative aimed at improving the telestroke workflow and treatment times at our centre. METHODS: A multidisciplinary workgroup comprising clinicians, stroke case managers and radiology staff was formed to oversee the initiative. A phase-by-phase review of the existing workflow was done to identify the reasons for delay. Phase-specific measures were then introduced to address these delays, and a data-monitoring system was established to track the impact of these measures. The initiatives were implemented through four Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles. The door-to-needle (DTN) times for thrombolysis and clinical outcomes before and after the interventions were compared. RESULTS: A total of 104 patients were evaluated. The median DTN time improved from 96 minutes to 78 minutes post implementation of initiatives (p = 0.003). Fewer patients had symptomatic intracranial haemorrhages (8.5% vs. 24.2%; p = 0.03), and more patients had improvements in their National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score (47.9% vs. 25.0%; p = 0.031) after the initiatives were introduced. CONCLUSION The quality improvement initiative resulted in a reduction in median DTN time. Our approach allowed for a systematic method to resolve delays within the telestroke workflow. This initiative is part of an ongoing effort aimed at providing thrombolysis safely to eligible patients in the shortest possible time.
Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; organization & administration ; Female ; Humans ; Interprofessional Relations ; Intracranial Hemorrhages ; prevention & control ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Quality Improvement ; Severity of Illness Index ; Singapore ; Stroke ; therapy ; Telemedicine ; methods ; organization & administration ; standards ; Thrombolytic Therapy ; methods ; Time ; Tissue Plasminogen Activator ; therapeutic use ; Treatment Outcome

The complete picture regarding transmission modes of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is unknown. This review summarises the available evidence on its transmission modes, our preliminary research findings and implications for infection control policy, and outlines future research directions. Environmental contamination has been reported in hospital settings occupied by infected patients, and is higher in the first week of illness. Transmission via environmental surfaces or fomites is likely, but decontamination protocols are effective in minimising this risk. The extent of airborne transmission is also unclear. While several studies have detected SARS-CoV-2 ribonucleic acid in air samples, none has isolated viable virus in culture. Transmission likely lies on a spectrum between droplet and airborne transmission, depending on the patient, disease and environmental factors. Singapore's current personal protective equipment and isolation protocols are sufficient to manage this risk.
COVID-19 ; Hospitals ; Humans ; Infection Control/methods* ; Personal Protective Equipment ; SARS-CoV-2