OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for improving the pharmacy self-taught undergraduate course system in general universities in China. METHODS:According to comparative study and researching related literatures,the situation of pharmacy self-taught undergraduate course system in general universities in China was analyzed,and reform ideas and programs were present-ed. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:Based onchemistry-biology-psychology-society-medicine-pharmacyin the overall framework of pharmacy undergraduate self-examination course system,it was designed with target of cultivating applied talents;related con-tents in public basic courses,humanities basic course and professional ethics course should throughout the whole teaching process;professional main course should be pharmaceutical knowledge-based,supplemented by medical related courses;the school should set vocational elective course to reform based on combining with the own teaching research direction,characteristics and career ori-entation of different self-taught students. The reform can develop applied talents with ability and political integrity,which meets the needs of social development.

Recently, dry powder inhalation (DPI) has become a hotspot in the research area of pulmonary drug delivery (PDD). With the development of drug micronization technology and the emergence of innovative inhaler device, DPI has now been widely applied. This article introduces the formulation composition of DPI, which consists of micronized drug particles, carrier and inhaler device, and the formulation factors of influencing the aerosolizing and deposition properties are emphatically reviewed.

Early diagnosis and early thrombolysis may have a better prognosis in patients with ischemic stroke.The benefits from the development of modem magnetic resonance imaging techniques in this field have received great attention,and it directly guides the 'management of the acute ischemic stroke,This article briefly reviews diffusion-weighted imaging,perfusion- weighted imaging and MR spectroscopy analysis that are more commonly used in current clini- cal practice.

Changhai hospital begins to practice resident standardization training.This article introduced the basic instance of it, analyzed and summarized the experiences and problems in the process.At last we give some advices to improve the job of resident standardization training.

China ; Occupational Exposure ; prevention & control ; Risk Assessment ; Workplace

OBJECTIVE To investigate the reasons of infusion reaction. METHODS The liquid and disposable infusion tubes were tested by limulus amebocyte lysate(LAL).Blood samples were collected when infusion reaction occurred and the bacteria in blood culture were detected. RESULTS A total of 58 cases of infusion reactions within two years were from clinical department.LAL of liquid infusion was positive in 5 cases.Two isolations were identified from liquid infusion respectively.LAL was negative and no isolation for the unsealed bottle of liquid drugs with same batch number.LAL was negative for samples of same lot infusion tubes.The main drugs caused infusion reaction were refined medical herbs,large molecule substance,blood products and the medicine contained potassium ion.53.4% infusion reactions occurred in autumn.The seniles had high incidence.Bacteria were isolated from 5 patients in blood culture after liquid infusion. CONCLUSIONS More than one reason that cause infusion reaction.It is important to reduce incidence of infusion reaction through quality control of infusion tubes and aseptic process in infusion.

Objective:To provide reference for clinical pharmacists through pharmaceutical care for patients with hyponatremia en-cephalopathy caused by pituitrin. Methods: Clinical pharmacists provided pharmaceutical care for one patient with hyponatremia en-cephalopathy caused by pituitrin. It was suggested by clinical pharmacists that 3% hypertonic saline and 20% mannitol be used in the patient with sodium ions and renal function monitoring. The patient was also told to increase salt in diets and limit water uptake. Re-sults:The ion levels of the patient returned to normal after the pharmaceutical care. Conclusion:Clinical pharmacists play an impor-tant role in the prevention and treatment of hyponatremia encephalopathy caused by pituitrin.

Objective:To establish a nicotine-treatment and-withdrawal rat model and to evaluate its characteristics and application through analyzing 3 parameters.Methods:Male Sprague-Dawley rats,aged 10-11 weeks old,were randomly divided into normal saline group(subcutaneous injection of saline [0.5 ml/kg] for 6 weeks),nicotine-treated group(injection with nicotine [0.5 ml/kg,3 mg/(kg?d)] for 6 weeks),and nicotine-withdrawn group(injection with nicotine [0.5 ml/kg,3 mg/(kg?d)] for 3 weeks and followed by saline injection for additional 3 weeks).Body weight,food intake,and water intake of animals were recorded during the treatment in 3 groups.The model was evaluated through analyzing body weight,serum parameters and adipose tissue weights.Results:The body weight of rats,as well as the serum levels of triglyceride and insulin,were all decreased after nicotine treatment;the weights of subcutaneous fat,visceral fat and periaortic fat were also decreased.The above indicators increased after withdrawal of nicotine.Conclusion:The established model can be used to study multiple pharmacological effects of nicotine;it can also be used for smoking and smoking cessation related studies.

Objective To establish a method for quantitative detection of hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA(HBV cccDNA ) in infected cells. Methods The transfected cell line HepG2.2.15 which can consistently produce Dane particles was maintained in DMEM containing 380 ?g/ml G418 and 10% fetal bovine serum. Cells in the exponential period were harvested from flasks, then intracellular HBV cccDNA was extracted from pellet containing 1?10~6 cells with mini plasmid extraction kit (QIAGEN).The extraction product was further purified by mung bean nuclease to remove HBV relaxed circular DNA possibly remained. HBV cccDNA was quantitatively detected by fluorescent PCR with selective primer set and Taqman MGB probe. Culture medium before exponential period, HBV DNA positive and negative serum samples from patients with chronic hepatitis B (mild) were amplified simultaneously to test the specificity of the fluorescent PCR method. Plasmids containing whole HBV genome were amplified with the same primer set and fluorescent probe to determine the sensitivity of the method. Results HBV cccDNA was detectable in HepG2.2.15, and the average quantity was 18 copies per cell approximately. No detectable fluorescent signal was observed when culture and serum samples were amplified. The detectable HBV cccDNA was as low as 10~3 copies per ml at least by this method. Conclusions This method is convenient, highly specific and highly sensitive. It can be utilized in the quantitative detection of intracellular HBV cccDNA as well as in the screening and evaluation of antiviral agents.

Objective To understand the clinical characteristics of staphylococcal bloodstream infection in patients with secondary immunodeficiency,as well as the distribution and drug resistance of Staphylococcus aureus (SAU)and coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CNS).Methods A total of 101 patients with Staphylococcus isolated from blood sample were retrospectively reviewed in our hospital.The patients were classified into a group with secondary immunodeficiency and another group with normal immune function as control group.SPSS 18.0 statistical software was used to analyze the data,and compare the two groups of patients in terms of clinical characteristics,pathogens,antibiotic resistance,etc.Results All the 70 patients with staphylococcal bloodstream infection and secondary immunodeficiency had various degrees of fever except 2 cases (temperature < 36 ℃).Chills and shiver were reported in 30.0% of the patients,and migratory lesions in 15.5% of the patients.Lungs were the most common site of infection.About 11.4% of the patients complicated with septic shock.The case strains of SAU,of which 18 (43.9%)strains were MRSA,CNS 29 (41.4%)strains,of which 24 (82.8%)strains were MRCNS.In the control group,26 (83.9%)strains of SAU were identified,of which 11 (42.3%)strains were MRSA,and all the 5 (16.1%)strains of CNS were identified as MRCNS.The incidence of CNS infection in the patients with secondary immunodeficiency was significantly different from that in the control group (P =0.013).All the MRS strains were multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO)except one strain of Staphylococcus intermedius .The staphylococcal strains isolated from the patients with secondary immunodeficiency showed high rate of resistance to penicillin (100%), clindamycin (73.0%), erythromycin (90.0%)and gentamycin (61.0%).No strain was found resistant to tigecycline,linezolid or vancomycin.The resistance rate did not show significant difference between the patients with or without secondary immunodeficiency. Conclusions The clinical characteristics of staphylococcal bloodstream infection in the patients with secondary immunodeficiency are similar to the patients without secondary immunodeficiency,except higher incidence of septic shock and death,but the incidence of CNS infection is relatively higher,MDRO is more prevalent.Antimicrobial agents should be prescribed in clinical practice according to disease conditions and the result of antimicrobial susceptibility testing.