Induced pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into a variety of cell types,which promote the development of human disease model,drug toxicity screening and sources of autologous cells.However,there have been many problems in the induced pluripotent stem cells reprogramming,such as safety and low efficiency.Small molecules are considered as a promising method to improve the reprogramming processes of induced pluripotent stem cell,and more and more small molecules have been identified to maintain stem cell self-renewal,providing a new approach to produce the desired reprogramming cells.

Acupuncture Therapy ; Humans ; Meridians ; Sensation

Objective:To evaluate the nasal safety of gastrodin nasal temperature-sensitive in situ gel through the studies on cilia toxicity in toads and mucosal irritation in rats. Methods:The toads were randomly divided into four groups, saline group, gastrodin in situ gel group, blank gel matrix group and sodium deoxycholate group, and the cilia toxicity was observed in vivo by a toad palate meth-od. The rats were randomly divided into three groups, saline group, gastrodin in situ gel group and blank gel matrix group, and the mucosal irritation was studied in rats through the observation of nasal mucosal pathological changes and behavioral indices. Results:Compared with the saline group, gastrodin in situ and blank gel matrix showed no notable effect on the cilia movement function in toads, and the effect on cilia movement of sodium deoxycholate showed statistically significant difference when compared with that of sa-line, gastrodin in situ gel and blank gel matrix (P<0. 01). During and after the treatment, no sneezing appeared in the rats. Com-pared with that in the saline group, the number of scratching nose in the gastrodin in situ gel group and blank gel matrix group in-creased (P<0. 05) without difference between the groups (P>0. 05), and after the 2-day withdrawal, that in the gastrodin in situ gel group and blank gel matrix group decreased significantly when compared with that at the last administration (P<0. 05) and showed no notable difference when compared with that in the saline group (P>0. 05). The number of inflammatory cells in the nasal mucosa in the gastrodin in situ gel group and blank gel matrix group increased complicated with congestion and cilia falling off, and after the with-drawal, the mucosal morphology in the three groups showed no significant difference. Conclusion:The local application of gastrodin in situ gel has high security, which is valuable to be studied further.

[ABSTRACT]OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effectiveness of low temperature radiofrequency ablation on tongue cancer in early stage (<2 cm T1 stage) .METHODS High differentiated tongue squamous cell carcinoma(<2 cm T1 stage) were removed with radiofrequency ablation in 11 patients and with high-frequency electrotome in 20 patients from 2009 to 2014 in our hospital. All the patients underwent elective neck dissection(I,Ⅱ,Ⅲ regions). Intraoperative blood loss, VAS ratings of post-operative pain, post-operative bleeding rate and the recurrence rate of tongue cancer or lymph node metastasis were compared between the two groups.RESULTSIn the radiofrequency ablation group, the mean intraoperative blood loss was 13.82±7.40ml, the VAS ratings of post-operative pain were 3.8±1.3 (day 1), 2.5±0.7 (day 3) and 1.8±0.6(day 5), post-operation bleeding occurred in one case, and lymph node metastasis occurred in one case at 6 month after operation. In the high-frequency electrotome group, the mean intraoperative blood loss was 40.55±12.03ml, the VAS ratings of post-operative pain were 6.8±1.3(day 1), 4.4±1.1(day 3) and 2.3±0.7(day 5), post-operation bleeding occurred in one case, and lymph node metastasis occurred in 3 cases at 6 month to one year after operation. The intraoperative blood loss and post-operative pain in radiofrequency ablation group were significantly lower and less than that in the high-frequency electrotome group.CONCLUSIONRadiofrequency ablation is a promising method for early stage tongue cancer with less blood loss, invasiveness and complications.

Objective To investigated the effects of intermittent hypoxia on neuronal apoptosis and autophagy in hippocampus.Methods 30 Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal control group (NC),intermittent normoxia group (IN) and intermittent hypoxia group (IH).The spatial learning and memory function of the rat was assessed using Morris water maze test.The apoptotic cells and the ultrastructure of neurons in the hippocampus tissue were observed by TUNEL and transmission electron microscope,respectively.And the expression of autophagy marker protein LC3 and Beclin-1 were measured by Western blotting.Results The escape latency was significantly longer in IH than in NC and IN group.And the ratio of time spent in the target quadrant was lower in the IH group than in NC and IN group (P＜0.05).The apoptotic rate of rat hippocampal neurons (F =6.01,P=0.037),the amount of double-layer membrane structure-complicating autophagic vacuoles with karyopyknosis,and protein expression level of LC3 and Beclin-1 were significantly higher (all P ＜0.05) in intermittent hypoxia group than in IN and NC group.Conclusions Intermittent hypoxiainduced autophagy and apoptosis in rat hippocampus are significantly increased,which might be one of the possible mechanisms for cognitive dysfunction caused by intermittent hypoxia.

Four qi theory is an important part of property theory of traditional Chinese medicine. Current researches mainly focus on two aspects of cold and heat properties, which are not only important elements of treating diseases, but also are factors of causing adverse reaction. In this article, through the study on the toxicity mechanism of cold and hot properties, authors put forward to the control measures of toxic and side effects of traditional Chinese medicine with cold and hot properties, and pointed out that the importance of controlling toxicity of traditional Chinese medicine with cold and hot properties lies in the modernization and internationalization of traditional Chinese medicine.

Objective To investigate the effectiveness of target-controlled infusion (TCI) of etomidate and remifentanil for endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA).Methods Sixtynine ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients of both sexes,aged 35-71 yr,weighing 41-83 kg,scheduled for elective EBUS-TBNA,were randomly divided into 3 groups ( n =23 each).In group Ⅰ,anesthesia was induced with TCI of propofol and iv injection of fentanyl 4 μg/ml,and the target plasma concentration (Cp) of propofol was set at 3-4 μg/ml.In group Ⅱ ,anesthesia was induced with TCI of propofol ( Cp 3-4 μg/ml) and remifentanil ( Cp 5 ng/ml).In group Ⅲ ,anesthesia was induced with TCI of etomidate (Cp 0.3-0.4 μg/ml) and remifentanil (Cp 5 ng/ml).After the patients lost consciousness,laryngeal mask airway was inserted to perform mechanical ventilation.PETCO2 was maintained at 30-40 mm Hg.BIS value was maintained at 40-60.The use of vasoactive agents (perdipine,ephedrine,atropine and esmolol) and occurrence of bucking during operation,emergence time,and the occurrence of nausea and vomiting within 24 h after operation were recorded.Blood samples were collected from the femoral vein at 30 min before induction,at the end of operation and at 24 h after operation for determination of the plasma cortisol concentration.Results The incidence of bucking and nausea and vomiting was significantly lower,the emergence time was significantly shorter,and the number of patients who needed vasoactive agents during operation was significantly smaller in groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ than in group Ⅰ ( P ＜ 0.05).The number of patients who needed vasoactive agents during operation was significantly smaller in group Ⅲ than in group Ⅱ (P ＜0.05).Compared with groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ,the plasma cortisol concentration was significantly decreased at the end of operation in group Ⅲ (P ＜ 0.05).There was no significant difference in the plasma cortisol concentration at each time point between groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ (P＞0.05).Conclusion TCI of etomidate (Cp 0.3-0.4 μg/ml) and remifentanil (Cp 5 ng/ml) can provide satisfactory anesthesia for EBUS-TBNA with few adverse effects.

Objective To establish a three-dimensional (3D) finite element model of a swine mandible, simulate the dynamic procedure of bullet damaging the swine mandible and explore a finite ele-ment analysis method on maxiilofacial gunshot wound. Methods The digital imaging and communica-tions in medicine (DICOM) data obtained from CT scanning of a swine mandible were remerged into a 3D finite element model of the original specimen through Mimics and ANSA software, then a simulation of 3D finite element model penetrated by a 7.62 mm bullet was carried out through LS-DYNA software. The simulation data were compared with those from animal experiment in laboratory to test the feasibility of 3D finite element model and the simulation method. Results A 3D finite element model of a swine mandi-ble was established, with highly identical geometric size with the specimen. In the meantime, the dynam-ic process of a 7.62 mm bullet damage to the model was successfully simulated. Data from the simulation and those from animal experiment showed a high level of consistency. Conclusion 3D finite element method is prosperous in application in basic research on maxillofacial gunshot wound.

Objective To establish a model of pancreatic cancer induced by 7,12-dimethylbenzathracene (DMBA) in SD rats, and to detect the expression levels of RAD51 and Myc-associated factor X (MAX) and their effect on carcinogenesis of rat pancreas. Methods Ninety SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: a model group, an intervention group, and a control group. DMBA was directly implanted into the parenchyma of rat pancreas (the model group and the intervention group). Rats in the intervention group were treated with 1 mL trichostatin A (TSA) saline solution (1 μg/mL) via ip weekly. Rats within 3～5 months in the model group and the intervention group were executed and observed by macrograph and under microscope. Meanwhile, the rats in the control group were executed at 5th month. The EnVision~(TM) immunohistochemistry to assay the expression levels of RAD51 and MAX was used in conventional paraffin-embedded sections from the above pancreatic specimens.Results The incidence of pancreatic cancer in the model group within 3-5 months was 48.7% (18/37), including 17 ductal adenocarcinomas and 1 fibrosarcoma. The incidence of pancreatic cancer in the intervention group within 3-5 months was 33.3%(12/36), including 11 ductal adenocarcinomas and 1 fibrosarcoma. The maximal diameter of mass in the model group was significantly higher than that in the intervention group (P＜0.05). No pathological changes were found in pancreas of the control group and other extra-pancreatic main organs of the model group and the intervention group (such as the liver, biliary tract, gastrointestine tract, kidney, and lung). The positive rate of RAD51 was significantly higher in ductal adenocarcinoma in the model group, the intervention group, and the model group +the intervention group than those in corresponding groups of non-cancerous pancreatic tissues (P＜0.01), but the positive rate of MAX expression was opposite to RAD51 expression(P＜0.01). The positive tissues of RAD51 expression and/or negative tissues of MAX expression in non-cancerous tissues showed atypical-hyperplasia of ductal epitheli. Pacncreas of the control group showed the negative expression of RAD51 and positive expression of MAX. Two cases of fibrosarcoma showed the negative expression of RAD51 and MAX.Conclusion DMBA directly implanted into the parenchyma of pancreas can obtain an ideal pancreatic cancer model with high incidence in a short time. The TSA might have an inhibitive effect on carcinogenesis and growth of rat pancreas. The over-expression of RAD51 and/or lose-expression might have important effect on carcinogenesis induced DMBA in rat pancreas.

Background As a main cellular component of retinal microvascular,retinal vascular endothelial cells (RVECs) play critical roles in the occurrence and development of diabetic retinopathy (DR) by proliferating,migrating and angiogenesis.Apolipoprotein A-Ⅰ (ApoA-Ⅰ) is the major apolipoprotein of high density lipoprotein.ApoA-Ⅰ is overexpressed in the retina of diabetic patients and plays different effects on RVECs upon different microenvironments,but its relationship with RVECs in high glucose environment is still not elucidated.Objective This study was to investigate the effects of ApoA-Ⅰ on proliferation,migration,tubulogenesis and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in human RVECs (hRVECs) in high glucose environment.Methods hRVECs were cultured with DMEM containing 10％ fetal bovine serum and passaged,and the cells at generation 3 to 6 were used in the study.The cells were divided into low-glucose group,low-glucose+ApoA-Ⅰ group,high-glucose group and high-glucose+ApoA-Ⅰ group,and the low concentration glucose (5 mmol/L),high contration glucose (25 mmol/L)and ApoA-Ⅰ (30 μg/ml) was added separately according to grouping.The proliferation and migration rate of the cells were evaluated by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and scratch wound test respectively.The tubulogenesis of the cells was examined by tube formation test.The mRNA and protein expression of VEGF in the cells was detected by using real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR and Western blot.Results The prolifative value (absorbancy) and migration rate of the cells in the high-glucose group were significantly higher than those in the low-glucose group,and those in the high-glucose+ApoA-Ⅰ group were significantly reduced in comparion with the high-glucose group (A value:P =0.001,0.033;migration rate:P =0.001,0.010).The number of tubes in the low-glucose group,low-glucose+ ApoA-Ⅰ group,high-glucose group and high-glucose+ApoA-Ⅰ group was 7.250±2.217,9.250±2.630,19.000± 3.916 and 11.500±3.697,showing a significant difference among the groups (F=10.335,P=0.001).The number of tubes in the high-glucose group was more than that in the low-glucose group,and the number of tubes in the highglucose+ApoA-Ⅰ group was less that that in the high-glucose group (P=0.001,0.037).The relative expression levels of VEGF mRNA were 0.944 ± 0.083,1.117 ± 0.204,1.768 ± 0.164 and 1.301 ± 0.077,and those of V EGF protein were 1.000±0.130,1.217±0.152,1.871 ±0.101 and 1.609±0.087 in the low-glucose group,low-glucose+ ApoA-Ⅰ group,high-glucose group and high-glucose+ApoA-Ⅰ group,respectively,with significant differences among the groups (mRNA:F =18.640,P =0.001;protein:F =10.335,P =0.001),and the expressions of VEGF mRNA and protein in the high-glucose group were significantly higher than those in the low-glucose group and high glucose+ ApoA-Ⅰ group (mRNA:P=0.000,0.004;protein:P=0.000,0.029).Conclusions ApoA-Ⅰ plays inhibitory effects on the proliferation,migration and tubulogenesis of hRVECs in high glucose environment,which may be associated with the downregulation of VEGF expression.