Bronchiectasis ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Child ; Early Diagnosis ; Humans

OBJECTIVETo investigate the antimicrobial resistance of invasive and non-invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) strains in children and to provide a basis for proper use of antimicrobial drugs in the treatment of SP infection.

METHODSSeventy children who were diagnosed with invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPD) between January 2009 and December 2013 were enrolled, and 164 children with lower respiratory tract infection caused by SP were randomly selected as the control group. The samples from sterile sites (blood, cerebrospinal fluid, etc) of children with IPD, as well as the sputum samples of children in the control group, were collected for bacterial culture, and the drug susceptibility tests for isolated SP strains were conducted.

RESULTSA total of 82 invasive strains of SP were isolated from sterile sites of 70 children with IPD; 49 strains (60%) were isolated from blood, and 19 strains (23%) from cerebrospinal fluid. The detection rate of invasive SP strains decreased from 2009 to 2013 (P<0.01). The total detection rates of penicillin-nonsusceptible SP from the invasive and non-invasive strains were 27% and 17% respectively (P>0.05). Among invasive strains, the penicillin-nonsusceptible SP strains had significantly higher rates of insusceptibility to cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, and cefepime than the penicillin-susceptible SP (P<0.01). There were significant differences in the rates of insusceptibility to cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, and meropenem between the sensitive and non-sensitive SP strains (P<0.05). The multidrug resistance rates of the invasive and non-invasive SP strains were 89% and 93% respectively (P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONSInvasive SP can easily invade the blood in children, but the total detection rate has decreased year by year. The results of drug sensitivity tests have guiding significance for proper use of antimicrobial drugs for different SP infections.

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Streptococcus pneumoniae ; drug effects

OBJECTIVEEosinophilic airway inflammation is one of the basic characteristics of allergic asthma. Toll-like receptor is one of the most important innate immunity pattern recognition receptors. Glucocorticoids (GCS) are still the most effective treatment for asthma. However, few reports of studies on regulatory mechanism of GCS on the innate immunity system are available. The mechanism of effects of GCS on TLR4 is unclear. The present study aimed at understanding the effect of dexamethasone (DXM) on change of TLR4 and mechanism of regulatory effect of TLR4 on eosinophil (EOS) apoptosis.

METHODSTwenty-seven Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (age 28 to 42 days, body weight 120 to 180 gram) were randomly divided into the control group, asthma group and DXM group with 9 in each. Asthma model rats were sensitized with the mixture of ovalbumin (OVA, 1 mg) and Al (OH)(3), 100 mg on day 1 and day 8, repeatedly exposed to aerosolized OVA after day 15, once a day for three days and continued for 30 minutes at every time. During the sensitization stage, 100 microg/ml DXM were prepared with DXM group for every other day, and the same doses DXM were prepared for every day on the stage of challenge. The histopathological changes of lung tissues were observed with light microscope (LM). EOS and other inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were counted; the concentrations of OVA-sIgE in serum were measured by using "sandwich" ELISA; The expressions of TLR4 mRNA were determined by in situ hybridization, the apoptosis of EOS was detected by TUNEL.

RESULTS(1) LM showed many inflammatory cells infiltration around the bronchi and blood vessels, bronchus mucus increased, airway epithelium damage and desquamation, and airway mucous plugs in asthma group, whereas DXM group showed significantly milder changes. (2) Inflammationary cells count in BALF of asthma group was significantly higher as compared to control group (P < 0.01); compared with asthma group, the total cell count, EOS absolute count and EOS% were all significantly decreased in DXM group [(2.14 +/- 0.10) x 10(9)/L, (4.78 +/- 1.23) x 10(7)/L, (2.17 +/- 0.25)%]. (3) Levels of OVA-sIgE in serum of asthma group [(83.40 +/- 6.80) microg/ml] were significantly higher than those of the control group [(14.38 +/- 4.25) microg/ml] (P < 0.01), while those of DXM group [(45.02 +/- 7.47) microg/ml] were significantly lower than asthma group (P < 0.0 1). (4) There were no significant differences in TLR4 mRNA detected by in situ hybridization between control group (24.71 +/- 0.85) and asthma group (25.81 +/- 3.56) (P > 0.05); but it significantly increased in DXM group (29.86 +/- 3.92) as compared to asthma group. (5) The percentages of apoptotic EOS in asthma group [(7.39 +/- 1.93)%] were significantly lower than those in control group [(9.06 +/- 1.52)%] (P < 0.01); and significantly higher in DXM group [(13.33 +/- 1.09)%] than in asthma group (P < 0.01). There were significantly positive correlations between TLR4 mRNA and the percentage of apoptotic EOS (r = 0.612, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONDXM can decrease OVA-sIgE level, induce EOS apoptosis, which may correlate with the activation of TLR4 signal transduction.

Animals ; Apoptosis ; Asthma ; chemically induced ; immunology ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid ; cytology ; Dexamethasone ; pharmacology ; Eosinophils ; immunology ; Glucocorticoids ; pharmacology ; Immunoglobulin E ; blood ; Lung ; pathology ; Ovalbumin ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Signal Transduction ; drug effects ; Toll-Like Receptor 4 ; immunology ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of microvesicles (MVs) derived from hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) on endothelium-dependent relaxation of rat thoracic aortic rings.

METHODSH/R injury model was established to induce HUVECs to release H/R-EMVs. H/R-EMVs from HUVECs were isolated by ultracentrifugation from the conditioned culture medium. H/R-EMVs were characterized using 1 μm latex beads and anti-PE-CD144 by flow cytometry. Thoracic aortic rings of rats were incubated with 2.5, 5, 10, 20 μg/ml H/R-EMVs derived from H/R-treated HUVECs for 4 hours, and their endothelium-dependent relaxation in response to acetylcholine (ACh) or endothelium-independent relaxation in response to sodium nitroprusside (SNP) was recorded in vitro. The nitric oxide (NO) production of ACh-treated thoracic aortic rings of rats was measured using Griess reagent. The expression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) and phosphorylated eNOS (p-eNOS, Ser-1177) in the thoracic aortic rings of rats was detected by Western blotting. Furthermore, the levels of SOD and MDA in H/R-EMVs-treated thoracic aortic rings of rats were measured using SOD and MDA kit.

RESULTSH/R-EMVs were induced by H/R-treated HUVECs and isolated by ultracentrifugation. The membrane vesicles (< 1 μm) induced by H/R were CD144 positive. ACh-induced relaxation and NO production of rat thoracic aortic rings were impaired by H/R-EMVs treatment in a concentration-dependent manner (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). The expression of total eNOS (t-eNOS) was not affected by H/R-EMVs. However, the expression of p-eNOS decreased after treated with H/R-EMVs. The activity of SOD decreased and the level of MDA increased in H/R-EMVs treated rat thoracic aortic rings (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONACh induced endothelium-dependent relaxation of thoracic aortic rings of rats was impaired by H/R-EMVs in a concentration-dependent manner. The mechanisms included a decrease in NO production, p-eNOS expression and an increase in oxidative stress.

Acetylcholine ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Aorta, Thoracic ; physiology ; Cell Hypoxia ; Endothelium, Vascular ; physiology ; Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells ; cytology ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Nitric Oxide ; metabolism ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III ; metabolism ; Nitroprusside ; pharmacology ; Oxidative Stress ; Rats

OBJECTIVETo study the effect of Radix Astragali (RA) on the expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription-4 (STAT4) and its mRNA in the bronchus of a rat model of asthma.

METHODSForty male SD rats were randomly divided into four groups: the control group, asthma group, high dosage of RA group and low dosage of RA group. In the experiment, the rat model of asthma was established by the ovalbumin (OVA) challenge methods. The lung tissue was gainedfrom the left lung, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was gained from the right lung. The eosinophils (EOS) numbers and differentiated cell numbers in BALF were counted by different counting fluids; the protein expressions of STAT4 were detected by immunohistochemistry; the mRNA expressions of STAT4 were detected by in situ hybridization.

RESULTS(1) In the BALF of the asthma group, the absolute numbers of EOS, the ratios of EOS to the total cell numbers (EOS%) of asthma group [(35.81 +/- 7.30) x 10(7)/L, (8. 20 +/- 1.75)%] were all significantly higher than those of the control group [(1.51 +/- 1.04) x 10(7)/L, (0.70 +/- 0.48)%] (P < 0.01); the total cell numbers in BALF, the absolute numbers of EOS and EOS% of RA groups [(14.89 +/- 2.35) x 10(7)/L, (4.70 +/- 0.82)%; (10.98 +/- 1.81) x 10(7)/L, (3.56 +/- 0.53)%] were all significantly lower than those of asthma group (P < 0.01); (2) The concentration of IL-4 in BALF of asthma group (25.70 +/- 7.36) was significantly higher than that of the control group (8.55 +/- 2.97) (P < 0.01); the concentration of IL-4 of BALF of RA groups [(31.89 +/- 5.46), (35.26 +/- 6.03)] was significantly lower than that of asthma group (P < 0.01); the concentration of IL-12 of BALF of asthma group (16.10 +/- 3.38) was significantly lower than that of the control group (42.33 +/- 9.66) (P < 0.01); the concentration of IL-12 of BALF of the RA groups [(31.89 +/- 5.46), (35.26 +/- 6.03)] was significantly higher than that of the asthma group (P < 0.01); (3) Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization showed that the protein content of STAT4 and the STAT4 mRNA expression around the bronchus of asthma group [(0.096 +/- 0.012), (0.098 +/- 0.011)] were lower than those of the control group [(0.216 +/- 0.034), (0.228 +/- 0.032)], while those of RA groups [(0.176 +/- 0.012), (0.185 +/- 0.023); (0.183 +/- 0.011), (0.201 +/- 0.019)] were all significantly higher than that of the asthma group (P < 0.01), the airway smooth muscle cells, the pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells were the chief expression cells; (4) the STAT4 and the STAT4mRNA expression around the bronchus had positive correlation with the concentration of IL-12 in BALF while had negative correlation with the concentration of IL-4, absolute numbers of EOS in BALF.

CONCLUSIONSRA has an inhibitory effect on airway inflammation cells infiltration such as EOS, it raises the STAT4 protein and its mRNA expression in the airway smooth muscle cells, the pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells, and the key mechanism may be that the IL-12 composition is increased.

Animals ; Asthma ; genetics ; metabolism ; pathology ; Astragalus Plant ; chemistry ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid ; immunology ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Eosinophils ; immunology ; Gene Expression ; drug effects ; genetics ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Signal Transduction ; drug effects ; Transcription Factor 4 ; Transcription Factors ; genetics ; metabolism

AIMTo study the effect of achyranthes bidentata polysaccharides(ABPS) on the expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 and its mRNA in bronchus of a rat model of asthma.

METHODSThirty male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups: the control group, asthma group and ABPS group. The total cell numbers, eosinophils (EOS) numbers and differentiated cell numbers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were counted by different count fluids. The concentrations of IL-4 in serum and BALF were measured by sandwich ELISA. The protein expressions of STAT6 were detected by immunohistochemistry techniques. The mRNA expressions of STAT6 were detected by hybridization in situ.

RESULTS(1) The total cell numbers in BALF, the absolute numbers of EOS, the ratios of eosinophils to the total cell numbers (EOS%) of asthma group were all significantly higher than those of the control group (P < 0.01). The total cell numbers in BALF, the absolute numbers of EOS and EOS% of ABPS group were all significantly lower than those of asthma group (P < 0.01). (2) The concentrations of IL-4 in BALF and serum of asthma group were significantly higher than those of control group (P < 0.01), while the concentrations of IL-4 in BALF and serum of ABPS group were significantly lower than those of asthma group. (3) Immunohistochemistry showed that the protein content of STAT6 around the bronchus of asthma group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.01), while that of ABPS group was significantly lower than that of asthma group , the epithelial cells were the chief expression cells; hybridization in situ showed that the mRNA expression of STAT6 around the bronchus of asthma group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.01), while that of ABPS group was significantly lower than that of asthma group , the epithelial cells were the chief expression cells.

CONCLUSIONSTAT6 protein and STAT6 mRNA were found strongly expressed in rat asthma model, the epithelial cells were the chief expression cells. ABPS had an inhibitory effect on airway inflammation cells infiltration such as EOS, it significantly depressed STAT6 and its mRNA expression, thus reduced the synthesis of IL-4 might be key in modulating mechanism of asthma.

Achyranthes ; Animals ; Asthma ; metabolism ; Eosinophils ; metabolism ; Interleukin-4 ; metabolism ; Male ; Polysaccharides ; pharmacology ; RNA, Messenger ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; STAT6 Transcription Factor ; metabolism ; Signal Transduction

OBJECTIVETo establish a flow cytometric method to detect the alteration of phenotypes and concentration of circulating microvesicles (MVs) from myocardial ischemic preconditioning (IPC) treated rats (IPC-MVs), and to investigate the effects of IPC-MVs on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats.

METHODSMyocardial IPC was elicited by three.cycles of 5-min ischemia and 5-min reperfusion of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. Platelet-free plasma (PFP) was isolated through two steps of centrifugation at room temperature from the peripheral blood, and IPC-MVs were isolated by ultracentrifugation from PFR PFP was incubated with anti-CD61, anti-CD144, anti-CD45 and anti-Erythroid Cells, and added 1, 2 µm latex beads to calibrate and absolutely count by flow cytometry. For functional research, I/R injury was induced by 30-min ischemia and 120-min reperfusion of LAD. IPC-MVs 7 mg/kg were infused via the femoral vein in myocardial I/R injured rats. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR) and ST-segment of electro-cardiogram (ECG) were monitored throughout the experiment. Changes of myocardial morphology were observed after hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. The activity of plasma lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was tested by Microplate Reader. Myocardial infarct size was measured by TTC staining.

RESULTSTotal IPC-MVs and different phenotypes, including platelet-derived MVs (PMVs), endothelial cell-derived MVs (EMVs), leucocyte-derived MVs (LMVs) and erythrocyte-derived MVs (RMVs) were all isolated which were identified membrane vesicles (<1 Vm) with corresponding antibody positive. The numbers of PMVs, EMVs and RMVs were significantly increased in circulation of IPC treated rats (P<0.05, respectively). In addition, at the end of 120-min reperfusion in I/R injured rats, IPC-MVs markedly increased HR (P<0.01), decreased ST-segment and LDH activity (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). The damage of myocardium was obviously alleviated and myocardial infarct size was significantly lowered after IPC-MVs treatment (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONThe method of flow cytometry was successfully established to detect the phenotypes and concentration alteration of IPC-MVs, including PMVs, EMVs, LMVs and RMVs. Furthermore, circulating IPC-MVs protected myocardium against I/R injury in rats.

Animals ; Cell-Derived Microparticles ; metabolism ; Coronary Vessels ; pathology ; Flow Cytometry ; Heart Rate ; Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial ; Myocardial Infarction ; physiopathology ; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury ; physiopathology ; Myocardium ; pathology ; Phenotype ; Rats

OBJECTIVETo study the role of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signal transduction pathway in the course of asthma airway remodeling, to explore whether IL-1beta participates in asthma airway remodeling mediated by JNK signal transduction pathway.

METHODSTotally 72 male Sprague-Dawlay rats (6 - 8 weeks old, weighing about 120 g) were randomly divided into control groups (36 rats) and asthma groups (36 rats). The rats were sensitized for inducing asthma by intraperitoneal injection of ovalbumin and AL(OH)3 and were repeatedly exposed to aerosolized ovalbumin for 4, 8, 12 weeks (A4, A8, or A12 group), each had 12 rats, and correspondingly control rats were intraperitoneally injected with 0.9% NaCl, then were repeatedly exposed to 0.9% NaCl for 4, 8, 12 weeks (C4, C8, or C12 group), each had 12 rats. The ultrastructural changes of pulmonary tissues were observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM). The total bronchial wall thickness (Wat) and the airway smooth muscle thickness (Wam) were measured by an image analysis system. The concentrations of IL-1beta in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were tested by a "sandwich" ELISA. The protein expressions of P-JNK and P-c-Jun were detected by immunohistochemical technique. Lung tissue extracts were analyzed for phosphorylation of JNK by Western blotting. Linear correlation analysis showed the correlation between Wat and P-JNK protein, Wam and P-JNK protein, levels of IL-1beta in serum and P-JNK protein, levels of IL-1beta in BALF and P-JNK protein.

RESULTSIn asthma groups, TEM showed alveolar septal proliferation and alveolus type II epithelial cells swelling. Wat and Wam in all asthma groups were significantly higher than those in corresponding control groups (P < 0.01, respectively), and compared with group A4 and group A8, Wat and Wam of group A12 significantly increased (P < 0.01). The concentrations of IL-1beta in serum and BALF of asthma groups were all significantly higher than those of the corresponding control groups (P < 0.01, respectively), and compared with group A4 and group A8, the concentrations of IL-1beta in BALF of group A12 significantly increased (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05), but the levels of IL-1beta in serum were not significantly different among them (P > 0.05). Mean absorbance values (by immunohistochemistry) of P-JNK and P-c-Jun in asthma groups were significantly higher than those in corresponding control groups (P < 0.01, respectively), and compared with group A4 and group A8, those of group A12 significantly increased (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). The absorbance (by Western Blot) of P-JNK in A4, A8, A12 group was significantly higher than that in C4, C8, C12 groups (P < 0.01, respectively), and compared with group A4, that of P-JNK of A12 significantly increased (P < 0.01), and compared with group A8, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05). Strong positive correlations were found between Wat or Wam and P-JNK (r = 0.823 and r = 0.818, P < 0.01, respectively, n = 68) and between P-JNK and concentration of IL-1beta in serum or BALF (r = 0.717 and r = 0.803, P < 0.01, respectively, n = 68).

CONCLUSIONSThe expression of P-JNK and its downstream P-c-Jun in rats of asthma airway remodeling is increased, which implicates that JNK signal transduction pathway plays an important role in the course of asthma airway remodeling. IL-1beta participates in asthma airway remodeling possibly partly through activating JNK signal transduction pathway.

Airway Remodeling ; Animals ; Asthma ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Interleukin-1beta ; blood ; JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; metabolism ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Signal Transduction

Objective To analyze the effects of Hual qi huang granules on children with mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia.Methods A randomized,multicenter parallel controlled clinical trial was carried out.A total of 3 000 cases of hospitalized children with mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia were selected.All of them were given treatment for mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia with macrolide antibiotics and symptomatic treatment.They were randomly divided into 2 groups:research group and control group.The children of research group were give oral Huai qi huang granules for three months.According to the classification of pneumonia,these two groups were divided into:lobar pneumonia research group,lobar pneumonia control group,lobular pneumonia research group,lobular pneumonia control group.The hospitalization duration of fever,length of hospital stay,the absorption area of lung inflammation and pneumonia severity sores were observed.The frequency of upper respiratory infections,bronchitis,pneumonia were observed in 3 months after discharge.Results 2 378 cases were investigated.The hospitalization duration of fever,length of hospital stay of research group were significantly shorter than that of in control group (P ＜ 0.001).The children with lobar pneumonia,2 weeks after treatment,the absorption of consolidation of the lobar pneumonia research group is significantly better than lobar pneumonia control group (P ＜0.001).After two weeks treatment,the pneumonia scores of lobar pneumonia research group is lower than lobar pneumonia control group (P ＜ 0.05).Followup of 3 months after hospital discharge,frequency of upper respiratory infection and bronchitis of research group,were significantly lower than that of control.In addition,appetite increased significantly in research group than control (P ＜ 0.001).There are 21 cases with drug associated adverse reactions (mild diarrhea),including 12 cases of research group,9 cases of control group,and there was no statistical significance (P ＞0.05).Conclusion Standard treatment combined with oral Huai qi huang granules in the treatment of mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia,can significantly shorten hospitalization duration of fever,length of hospital stay and reduce the severity score of pneumonia.Three months oral Huai qi huang granules can significant reduce the frequency of respiratory infections and bronchitis,also can increase patients appetite,and be safe.

In this paper, network pharmacology method and molecular docking technique were used to investigate the target genes of Olibanum and Myrrha compatibility and the possible mechanism of action in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis(RA). Our team obtained the main active components of Olibanum-Myrrha based on literatures study, relevant traditional Chinese medicine systematic pharmacological databases and literature retrieval, and made target prediction of the active components through SwissTargetPrediction database. At the same time, RA-related targets were collected through DrugBank, GeneCards and Therapeutic Target Database(TDD) databases; and VENNY 2.1 was use to collect intersection targets to map common targets of drug and disease of Venn diagram online. The team used STRING database to construct PPI protein interaction network diagram, and screen out core targets according to the size of the interaction, and Cytoscape 3.6.0 software was used to construct network models of "traditional Chinese medicine-component-target" "traditional Chinese medicine-component-target-disease" and core target interaction network model. The intersection target was analyzed by using DAVID 6.8 online database for GO function analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, and Pathon was used to visualization. AutoDock Vina and Pymol were used to connect the core active components with the core targets. Sixteen active components of Olibanum-Myrrha pairs were found and collected in the laboratory, and 320 relevant potential targets, 468 RA-related targets and 62 intersection targets were obtained through the Venn diagram. It mainly acted on multiple targets, such as IL6, TNF, IL1 B and MAPK1, involving TNF signaling pathway and Toll-like receptor signaling pathway in RA treatment. Finally, in this study, possible targets and signaling pathways of Olibanum-Myrrha compatibility therapy for RA were discussed, and molecular docking between core targets and core active components was conducted, which could provide scientific basis for the study on the mechanism of Olibanum-Myrrha compatibility.
Arthritis, Rheumatoid/genetics* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Frankincense ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Molecular Docking Simulation