To study in vitro anti-influenza viral activities of Chinese traditional patent medicines for influenza prevention and treatment, neuraminidase (NA) activity assay was used to examine NA inhibitory activity of 33 Chinese traditional patent medicines through fluorimetric assay, and influenza virus induced cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibition assay was used to verify their anti-influenza viral activities in vitro. The assay results showed that most liquid preparations displayed relatively high NA inhibitory activities, such as Shuanghuanglian oral liquid, Qingkailing oral liquid, Qingre Jiedu oral liquid, and Reduning injection. Among liquid preparations, Shuanghuanglian oral liquid not only displayed the highest NA inhibitory effect, but also exhibited obvious in vitro anti-viral activity in CPE experiment. Among solid preparations, Shuanghuanglian powder for injection showed the highest activity on NA inhibition, and Fufang Yuxingcao tablet showed relatively strong anti-influenza viral activity in CPE cells. From the results, it can be concluded that most Chinese traditional patent medicines possessed NA inhibitory activity, but only a few of them displayed significant in vitro anti-influenza viral activities. These results will provide important information for the isolation of active constituents, and for the clinical uses of Chinese traditional patent medicines for influenza treatment and prevention.

Objective To develop an effective way to evaluate the accurate platelet count in a patient with anticoagulants-induced pseudothrombocytopenia (PTCP).Methods It was studied that various anticoagulants effect on the platelets count for an infrequent patient with anticoagulants-dependent PTCP. When vitamin B6,aminophylline,gentamicin and amikacin were separately added to four anticoagulated blood samples from anticoagulants-dependent patient within 15 min after blood withdrawal,platelets count and morphological changes of blood cells after 4 hours of incubation at room temperature were investigated. The best anti-aggregating agent and its optimal concentration among them were explored.Results The four anticoagulants all could not inhibit the aggregation of the patient's platelets.Only amikaein among the above anti-aggregating agents can prevent and dissociate the aggregation of platelets without apparent morphological changes of blood cells and the platelet counts was stable within 4 hours after blood drawn when amikacin was added either before or after blood sampling.With increasing the concentration of amikaein,the platelet counts increase and then tend to be stable.The optimal concentration of amikacin is 5 mg/ml blood.Conclusions The supplementation of amikaein either before or after blood sampling is a useful method for the diagnosis anticoagulants-dependent PTCP and for the eva/uation of platelet counts in infrequent patients with anticoagulants-dependent PTCP.

Organic chemistry experiment is early and important practical course for pharmacy speciality after entering college,which is very important for training their practical abilities and spirit of innovation.The method of integrating four autonomies (self-designing,teaching,operating and summarizing) has been tried in organic chemistry experiment teaching,which completely takes the student as the center and puts emphasis on inquiry learning and ability training.The preliminary practice shows that it is of benefit to arousing students' enthusiasm for study,training their ability and developing their innovative consciousness and spirit.

Objective:To evaluate the changes in the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier in postoperative delirium rats.Methods:One hundred and forty-seven healthy female Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 3 months, weighing 240-300 g, were divided into 3 groups ( n=49 each) using a random number table method: control group (group C), anesthesia group (group A) and postoperative delirium group (group P). Group C received no treatment.Group A received 2-h anesthesia with 1.4% isoflurane.Group S underwent an exploratory laparotomy under 1.4% isoflurane anesthesia.The behaviors of rats in each group were tested at 24 h before surgery and 6, 9 and 24 h after surgery using buried food test, open field test and Y maze test.Sodium fluorescence was injected through the tail vein at 6, 9 and 24 h after surgery.Then the rats were sacrificed, the choroid plexus (CP) was obtained, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of bilateral cerebral ventricles was collected, and the expression of ZO-1, occludin, claudin1, E-cadherin and VE-cadherin in CP was detected using Western blot.FITC-dextran 10, 40 and 70 kDa was injected through the tail vein at 6 h after surgery, and then CSF was collected for determination of the concentrations of NaFI, 10, 40 and 70 kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled dextran (FITC-dextran) in CSF by fluorescence spectrophotometry.CP was obtained to observe the morphology of choroid plexus epithelial cells (CPECs) of bilateral cerebral ventricles with a transmission electron microscope. Results:Compared with group C and group A, the latency to eat food in buried food test was significantly prolonged, the time of staying at the central region was shortened, the percentage of the number of entries into novel arm and percentage of time of staying at novel arm in Y maze test were decreased, the freezing time in open field test was shortened, the expression of ZO-1, occludin and claudin1 in CP was down-regulated, the concentrations of NaFI and 10 kDa and 40 kDa FITC-dextranin CSF were increased ( P<0.05 or 0.01), the CPECs arranged at random and loose, the microvilli of CPECs were absent, the tight junction was blurred, and the gap became wider in group P. Conclusion:The occurrence of postoperative delirium is related to the change in blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier.

Objective:To evaluate the role of miR-146a in hippocampal inflammatory responses in postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) in mice.Methods:One hundred and sixty clean-grade male C57BL/6 mice, aged 12-16 weeks, weighing 22-28 g, were divided into 5 groups ( n=32 each) using a random number table method: control group (group C), group POCD, miR-146a agomir group (group Ag), miR-146a antagomir group (group At) and negative control group (group NC). The mice were subjected to an intramedullary fixation for tibial fracture under 1.5% isoflurane anesthesia to establish POCD model.At 2 days before operation, miR-146a agomir 0.5 nmol (0.1 nmol/μl) was injected into bilateral hippocampi in group Ag, miR-146a antagomir 2.5 nmol (0.5 nmol/μl) was injected in group At, miR-146a negative control solution 2.5 nmol (0.5 nmol/μl) was given in group NC, and the animals in group C did not receive any treatment.At 1 day before operation and at 1, 3 and 7 days after operation, open-field test was performed to evaluate spontaneous motor activity, and contextual fear conditioning test was performed to evaluate cognitive ability 15 min later.At 1 and 3 days after operation, the animals were sacrificed and hippocampi was removed for determination of expression of CD11b (a marker for activation of microglia) in hippocampal CA1 region by immunofluorescence staining.At 6, 12 and 24 h after operation, the expression of miR-146a was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, the expression of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1), tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), nuclear factor kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) was determined by Western blot and interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and IL-6 contents were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results:There was no significant difference in the total exploring distance in the open-field test or percentage of freezing time in tone-fear conditioning test at each time point among the five groups( P>0.05). Compared with group C, the percentage of freezing time in the contextual fear conditioning test was significantly decreased at 1, 3 and 7 days after operation, the expression of CD11b at 1 and 3 days after surgery and expression of miR-146a, IRAK1, TRAF6, NF-κB p65 and TNF-α were up-regulated and the contents of IL-1 β and IL-6 were increased at 6, 12 and 24 h after operation in group POCD ( P<0.05). Compared with group NC, the percentage of freezing time in the contextual fear conditioning test was significantly increased at 1, 3 and 7 days after operation, and the expression of CD11b was down-regulated at 1 and 3 days after surgery, and the expression of miR-146a, IRAK1, TRAF6, NF-κB p65 and TNF-α was up-regulated and IL-1β and IL-6 contents were decreased at 6, 12 and 24 h after operation in group Ag, and the percentage of freezing time in the contextual fear conditioning test was decreased at 1, 3 and 7 days after operation, the expression of CD11b at 1 and 3 days after surgery was up-regulated, the expression of miR-146a was down-regulated and IRAK1, TRAF6, NF-κB p65 expression was up-regulated at 6, 12 and 24 h after operation, TNF-α expression was up-regulated and IL-1β and IL-6 contents were increased at 12 and 24 h after operation in group At ( P<0.05). Conclusion:miR-146a is involved in the process of hippocampal inflammatory responses, and the mechanism may be related to the inhibition of IRAK1-TRAF6-NF-κB signaling pathway in mice.

OBJECTIVETo clarify the dose-response relationship between asbestos dust exposure and lung cancer incidence in chrysotile asbestos miners by fixed cohort study and to investigate the incidence rates of lung cancer in exposure to different concentrations of asbestos dust.

METHODSA retrospective cohort study was conducted in 1932 asbestos miners who registered from January 1, 1981 to December 31, 1988, had worked for at least 1 year, and had no obvious cardiopulmonary diseases; the cohort study began in July 2009 and covered a time span of 29 years (1981 - 2009). The personal information, occupational history, disease history, and health data of these miners were recorded, and the monitoring data on dust concentrations in the mine over the years were collected. The dose-response relationship between asbestos dust concentration and lung cancer incidence was established by the method of life table; a regression equation was fitted to predict the excess incidence rates of lung cancer under the conditions of different working years and dust concentrations.

RESULTSA significant dose-response relationship was observed between cumulative exposure (Ce) and cumulative probability (Px) of lung cancer incidence, and the smokers hada higher Px than nonsmokers. When Ce was less than 2000 mg/m(3)·each year, Px reached 6.58/10000; when Ce was not less than 2000 mg/m(3)·and less than 3000 mg/m(3)·each year, Px reached 91.72/10000; when Ce was more than 5000 mg/m(3)·each year, Px was as high as 141.02/10000. The three models were fitted to obtain the optimal regression equation: Px = -0.0004Ce(2) + 0.0052Ce - 0.0011 (r(2) = 0.9387). In the workshop of asbestos mine in this study, the average dust concentration was 85 times higher than the limit in 2009, so the excess incidence rate of lung cancer was 112.598/10000 if the miners worked under this condition for 40 years, according to the equation.

CONCLUSIONThere is a significant dose-response relationship between cumulative asbestos exposure and lung cancer incidence in chrysotile asbestos miners. The risk for lung cancer rises as asbestos exposure increases.

Asbestos, Serpentine ; toxicity ; Dust ; Female ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; etiology ; Male ; Mining ; Occupational Exposure ; Retrospective Studies

Objective To compare the scalp nerve block versus local infiltration of incision for in-tracranial aneurysm clipping under general anesthesia. Methods Fifty-seven American Society of Anesthe-siologists physical statusⅠorⅡpatients of both sexes, aged 18-64 yr, scheduled for elective intracranial aneurysm clipping under general anesthesia, were divided into 3 groups ( n=19 each) using a random num-ber table method:control group ( group C) , scalp nerve block group ( group S) and local infiltration of in-cision group ( group I) . Anesthesia was induced by intravenously injecting propofol, sufentanil and cisatra-curium. Bilateral supraorbital nerve (2 ml), supratrochlear nerve (2 ml), zygomaticotemporal nerve (2 ml), auriculotemporal nerve (2 ml), greater occipital nerve (3 ml), lesser occipital nerve (3 ml) and the third occipital nerve ( 1 ml) blocks were performed with 0. 75％ ropivacaine after tracheal intubation in group B. Local infiltration of incision was carried out with 0. 75％ ropivacaine 15 ml in group I. Anesthesia was maintained by intravenously infusing propofol and remifentanil to maintain bispectral index value at 40-60. The fluctuation range of mean arterial pressure and heart rate was not more than 20％ of the baseline, and vasoactive agents were administered when necessary. Oxycodone 0. 1 mg∕kg was intravenously injected at 30 min before the end of surgery to perform preemptive analgesia. When visual analogue scale score>3 with-in 48 h after surgery, oxycodone 2 mg was intravenously injected as rescue analgesic, and administration was repeated when necessary ( at an interval>15 min) . The intraoperative consumption of propofol, remifen-tanil and vasoactive agents was recorded. Arterial blood samples were collected before anesthesia induction and at 3, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h after surgery for determination of serum interleukin-6 ( IL-6) , IL-10 and C-reactive protein ( CRP ) concentrations by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The time of the first postoperative requirement for oxycodone and consumption of oxycodone within 48 h after surgery were recor-ded. The development of adverse reactions such as postoperative fever, nausea and vomiting, dizziness, respiratory depression, pruritus, local anesthetic intoxication, subcutaneous hematoma, and scalp infec-tion was also recorded. Results Compared with group C, the intraoperative consumption of remifentanil and requirement for nicardipine were significantly decreased, the concentration of serum IL-6 was decreased at 3 h after surgery, the concentration of serum CRP was decreased at 12 h after surgery, the concentration of serum IL-10 was increased at 12 and 24 h after surgery, the time of the first postoperative requirement for rescue analgesia was prolonged, the consumption of oxycodone was reduced, and the incidence of nausea and vomiting was decreased in group B, and the intraoperative consumption of remifentanil was significantly reduced in group I (P<0. 05). Compared with group I, the intraoperative consumption of remifentanil was significantly reduced, the requirement for nicardipine was decreased, the concentration of serum IL-6 was decreased at 3 h after surger-y, the concentration of serum CRP was decreased at 12 h after surgery, the concentration of serum IL-10 was in-creased at 12 and 24 h after surgery, the time of the first postoperative requirement for rescue analgesia was pro-longed, the consumption of oxycodone was reduced, and the incidence of nausea and vomiting was decreased in group B (P<0. 05). Conclusion Compared with local infiltration of incision, scalp nerve block is helpful in carrying out anesthetic model of low-consumption opioids and in maintaining intraoperative hemodynamics stable and is more helpful in inhibiting perioperative inflammatory and pain responses when used for the patients under-going intracranial aneurysm clipping under general anesthesia.

To study in vitro anti-influenza viral activities of Chinese traditional patent medicines for influenza prevention and treatment, neuraminidase (NA) activity assay was used to examine NA inhibitory activity of 33 Chinese traditional patent medicines through fluorimetric assay, and influenza virus induced cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibition assay was used to verify their anti-influenza viral activities in vitro. The assay results showed that most liquid preparations displayed relatively high NA inhibitory activities, such as Shuanghuanglian oral liquid, Qingkailing oral liquid, Qingre Jiedu oral liquid, and Reduning injection. Among liquid preparations, Shuanghuanglian oral liquid not only displayed the highest NA inhibitory effect, but also exhibited obvious in vitro anti-viral activity in CPE experiment. Among solid preparations, Shuanghuanglian powder for injection showed the highest activity on NA inhibition, and Fufang Yuxingcao tablet showed relatively strong anti-influenza viral activity in CPE cells. From the results, it can be concluded that most Chinese traditional patent medicines possessed NA inhibitory activity, but only a few of them displayed significant in vitro anti-influenza viral activities. These results will provide important information for the isolation of active constituents, and for the clinical uses of Chinese traditional patent medicines for influenza treatment and prevention.
Animals ; Antiviral Agents ; pharmacology ; Cell Line ; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral ; drug effects ; Dogs ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ; drug effects ; enzymology ; Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype ; drug effects ; enzymology ; Influenza B virus ; drug effects ; enzymology ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Neuraminidase ; antagonists & inhibitors ; metabolism ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry

BACKGROUNDPeritoneal dissemination is the most common pattern of metastasis in advanced gastric carcinoma with serosal invasion. In the present study, we reported the clinical relevance of a new diagnostic method involving RT-PCR, using survivin as the target gene, for the detection of free cancer cells in peritoneal washes.

METHODSIntraoperative peritoneal washes were obtained from 48 patients who underwent surgery for gastric cancer. RT-PCR analysis with primers specific for survivin and conventional cytological examinations were both performed.

RESULTSSurvivin mRNA was not detected in any peritoneal wash samples from patients with benign disease, but was detected in 28 of 48 samples taken from patients with gastric cancer and in all metastatic nodules. Survivin expression in the peritoneal cavity significantly correlated with depth of cancer invasion, lymph node metastasis, and TNM stage. There were 92% of clinically evident peritoneal metastasis cases showed detectable survivin expression. The combination of survivin RT-PCR and cytological examination yielded positive results in 66.7% (32/48) of patients with gastric cancer, much higher than the results produced by cytological method alone.

CONCLUSIONSSurvivin mRNA detected in peritoneal lavage fluid might indicate the presence of free cancer cells in the peritoneal cavity. The high sensitivity of the RT-PCR-based survivin assay suggests that survivin serves as a molecular marker for detecting peritoneal micrometastasis. Its ubiquitous expression in peritoneal cancer cells and metastatic nodules also suggests a promising future therapeutic strategy based on survivin inhibition for cases of gastric cancer involving peritoneal metastasis.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Ascitic Fluid ; metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins ; Male ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins ; genetics ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Proteins ; Neoplasm Staging ; Peritoneal Neoplasms ; secondary ; RNA, Messenger ; analysis ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Stomach Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology

OBJECTIVETo study the correlation of polymorphisms of CYP1A1 MSPI and glutathiones S-transferase (GST-M1) independently and in combination with the risk of lung cancer.

METHODSA case control study which included 91 cases of lung cancer and 138 controls collected from the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Tumor Hospital and The Red Cross Hospital of Guangzhou or conmunity area. All subjects were investigated with a uniform questionnaire. Blood samples were collected from all cases and controls for detecting CYP1A1 MSPI and GST-M1 polymorphisms which were analyzed by PCR and RFLP.

RESULTSIt showed that there was no significant difference in frequencies of this genotypes of CYP1A1 MSPI between the two groups. The frequency of GST-M1 null (0/0) genotype was higher in the case group than in the control group, with an OR of 1.38 (95% CI 0.81 - 2.38), but there was no statistical significance. However, combination of several genotypes was strongly associated with lung cancer. There was a synergistic interaction between the m2m2 genotype of CYP1A1 MSPI and GST-M1 (0/0) genotype, with an OR of 2.47 (95% CI 1.03 - 5.90).

CONCLUSIONThe combination of two genetic polymorphisms significantly increases the risk of lung cancer.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Case-Control Studies ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 ; genetics ; Female ; Genotype ; Glutathione Transferase ; genetics ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; etiology ; genetics ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Risk ; Smoking ; adverse effects