Objective To observe the effect of fructose(Fru),glucose (Glc)and exogenous nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside(SNP)on the germination of Psychotria rubra(Lour.)Poir. seeds under drought stress,and to explore the optimal concentration for clearing the drought stress. Methods We established the drought stress model of Psychotria rubra(Lour.)Poir. seeds with 15％(volume fraction)PEG6000 and 0.4 mol/L D-mannitol, measured the germination rate and germination index of Psychotria rubra (Lour.)Poir. seeds under drought stress combined treatment with different concentrations of Fru (0,300,500 μmol/L),Glc (0,300,500 μmol/L) and SNP(0 , 100 , 200 μmol/L). Results The germination process of Psychotria rubra(Lour .) Poir . seeds was significantly suppressed by drought stress. Fru,Glc and SNP could significantly promote the germination of Psychotria rubra (Lour.) Poir. seeds under drought stress. The optimal condition for clearing drought stress induced by 15％ PEG6000 was Fru 300 μmol/L, Glc 500 μmol/Land SNP 200 μmol/L, and the germination rate was 95％ under the optimal condition . The optimal condition for clearing drought stress induced by D-Mannitol was Fru 500 μmol/L, Glc 500 μmol/L and SNP 100 μmol/L, and the germination rate arrived to100％. Conclusion Fru,Glc and SNP can significantly alleviate the negative impact induced by drought stress for the Psychotria rubra(Lour.)Poir. seed germination,improve the drought-resistant ability of the seeds.

Objective To compare the pharmacognosy characteristics of aerial roots of Ficus microcarpa Linn.f. and Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Hornem.. Methods Fresh aerial roots were harvested and were used as the experimental samples. Stereoscopy was used for the observation of macroscopic appearance of Ficus microcarpa Linn.f. and Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Hornem.,and the microscope was used for the examination of their microscopic features of the velamen surface, cross section of root tip, cross section and longitudinal section of the posterior root, and powder. Results The appearance characteristics of the two species were as follows:the number of aerial roots of Ficus microcarpa Linn. f. was more,and the diameter was smaller than that of Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Hornem. The root tips of Ficus microcarpa Linn. f. aerial roots were light yellow turning to yellow-white, covered with gray or yellowish-white lenticels;the root tips of Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Hornem. aerial roots were light yellow or yellow, covered with gray lenticels. Microscopic identification results of the two plants were as follows:the primary xylems of transverse section of root tips and posterior roots of Ficus microcarpa Linn.f. and Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Hornem. were different,the former being five to seven heptarch,and the latter being six to eleven heptarch. Both of the two species had non-articulated unbranched laticifers in their longitudinal section of posterior root, and the diameter of Ficus. elastica Roxb. ex Hornem. was slightly larger than that of Ficus microcarpa Linn. f.. The powder of Ficus microcarpa Linn. f. was red brown,with spiral and pitted vessels;Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Hornem. was yellow brown,with single small and large pitted vessels,and the color of its fiber was shallow or nearly colorless or even transparent, with lines of cluster crystal. Conclusion The results will provide evidence for the identification , exploitation and utilization of Ficus microcarpa Linn . f . and Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Hornem.

A comprehensively comparison of the chemical profiles between sun-drying BJ (NBJ) and sulfur-fumigated BJ (SBJ) was conducted by HPLC analysis and the discrepant peaks were identified or tentatively assigned by HPLC-ESI-MSn. A total of 32 chemical components were used for qualitative comparison. Meanwhile, a quantitative comparison of BJwere conducted by HPLC analysis and determining seven compounds from 3 NBJ and 3 SBJ samples dramatic chemical changes were found. After sulfur fumigation, the contents of flavonoids glycosides and phenolic acids were remarkably reduced, but the contents of flavonoids aglycones were significantly increased. Multivariate statistics, including principle component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminate analysis (PLS-DA) were used to investigate the potential damaging effect of sulfur-fumigating process. The PCA score plots showed six samples were clearly classified into the sun-drying and sulfur-fumigating groups. And according to VIP >1, the most important chemical markers were apigenin, luteolin and 3,5-dicaffeoylquninic acid which could be used to distinguish NBJ and SBJ samples. Combining the results of qualitative and quantitative analysis, it showed that the sulfur fumigation has a significant effect on BJ.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Chrysanthemum ; chemistry ; Fumigation ; Least-Squares Analysis ; Principal Component Analysis ; Sulfur

Objective To identify the pharmacognosy features of Dichrocephala auriculata(Thunb.)Druce,and to summarize its identification characteristics,so as to lay a foundation for further study and development of the drug. Methods By original plant identification and microscopic identification methods,we observed the features of the whole plant of Dichrocephala auriculata(Thunb.)Druce. Results The morphological characteristics of the original plant showed as follows:the whole aerial part was covered with tomentum;roots belonged to taproot root system;the alternate leaves were long oval-shaped, pinnatipartite, or divided;flowers were small, presented as capitulum, arranging in umbrella-shape, with several outer layers of white flowers and several inner layers of yellow green flowers. Microstructure characteristics showed as follows:root vascular bundle was broad,and pericycle fiber bundles were found outside;stem vascular bundle had 8-25 cyclocytics,pericycle fibers were found outside, and the medulla was broad with myelinated fibers around;the upper and below epidermis of leaves had stomata and non-tentacle, and the main vein vascular of the leaf was collateral with vascula bundles upside and downside;the nonglandular hairs,starch grains,fibers,pollen grains,and tubes were shown in the powder of whole plant. Conclusion The above results are stable and reliable, and can be applied for pharmacognosy identification of Dichrocephala auriculata(Thunb.)Druce.

OBJECTIVEProbe the effects of rhGH on severe degree burned patients' blood sugar in different age of years.

METHODSElected 210 patients hospitalized in the Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College from January 2005 to December 2008, who were burned in 48 h, older than 18 years, ever had no diabetes and tumor history and placidly pull through shock stage. Among the patients there were 132 males and 78 females. The age was from 18 to 65 years old, average (40.7 +/- 7.2) years old. The extent of burn were form TBSA 25% to TBSA 86%, average TBSA (40.4 +/- 12.5)%. The depths of burn were from superficial second degree to third degree. All of the total divided into A (18 - 44 years old) and B (> 45 years old)groups. Each group had 105 patients. Two groups were randomly divided into A(1), A(2), A(0) and B(1), B(2), B(0) groups. Each group had 35 patients. The A(1) and B(1) groups were used 0.15 U/(kg.d) growth hormone (Somatropin, S19990021), A(2) and B(2) groups were used 0.2 U/(kg.d) growth hormone, A(0) and B(0) groups were used NS as control. Observed and analyzed the change of blood sugar and insulin amount used in 210 patients.

RESULTSOf all the patients in 6 groups, there were 190 patients finished the experimentation in four weeks. The insulin amount of A(1), A(2), A(0) groups used were (2123.3 +/- 152.3), (2885.6 +/- 148.5), (724.1 +/- 31.1) U, B(1), B(2), B(0) group were (2715.1 +/- 95.3), (3652.2 +/- 198.1), (801.8 +/- 22.2) U. The consequence showed that the number need insulin to control blood sugar in B group was more than A group, as well as using 0.2 U/(kg.d) does to 0.15 U/(kg.d) does, and using growth hormone to no using(P < 0.01). The time that blood sugar of A(1), A(2), B(1), B(2) group recovered to normal range without using insulin were (5.11 +/- 0.82), (4.93 +/- 0.89), (5.2 +/- 0.65), (5.13 +/- 1.02) d (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSThe blood sugar's alteration has positive correlation with the age of years and the does of rhGH. As long as normative using rhGH it doesn't induce diabetes.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Blood Glucose ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Burns ; blood ; drug therapy ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Female ; Human Growth Hormone ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the long-term effect and clinical value of endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) with transparent cap for dysplasia and early-stage cancer of the esophagus and gastric cardia.

METHODSFrom September 1996 to June 2007, 154 lesions in the esophagus or gastric cardia of 147 patients were treated using EMR with transparent cap. Among the lesions, there were 69 early-stage squamous-cell carcinomas in 64 patients and 47 squamous cell precancerous lesions of the esophagus in 45 patients, with an average lesion size of (14.8 +/- 6.1) mm (range, 3-40 mm), furthermore, there were 23 early-stage adenocarcinomas in 23 patients and 15 precancerous lesions in the gastric cardia in 15 patients, with an average lesion size of (8.2 +/- 4.3) mm (rang, 5-25 mm). All lesions were finally confirmed histopathologically.

RESULTSOf the 154 lesions, 139 (90.3%) were resected completely through EMR procedure. A close relationship between the complete resection rate and the lesion size was observed. The bigger the lesion size, the lower the complete resection rate. Endoscopic follow-up was carried out in 7 patients for more than 10 years, in 43 for 5 - 10 years, in 31 for 3 - 5 years and in 66 for less than 3 years. Of 11 dead patients during following-up, 10 died of other diseases, only 1 of recurrence. The 5-year survival rate was 96.2% for early-stage esophageal cancer, and 100% for early cancer of the gastric cardia. Perioperative complications included oozing bleeding in 5 patients (3.4%) and stricture in 1 (0.7%), no perforation occurred in this series.

CONCLUSIONEndoscopic mucosal resection is suitable to treat precancerous lesions or early-stage esophageal cancers without invasion into submucosa. Compared with conventional resection through open thoracotomy, similar long-term survival and curative effect can be achieved by this EMR treatment, preserving a good quality of life.

Adenocarcinoma ; pathology ; surgery ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; pathology ; surgery ; Cardia ; Esophageal Neoplasms ; pathology ; surgery ; Esophagoscopy ; methods ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gastric Mucosa ; pathology ; surgery ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local ; Neoplasm Staging ; Precancerous Conditions ; pathology ; surgery ; Stomach Neoplasms ; pathology ; surgery ; Survival Rate

Animals ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Cell Line, Tumor ; DNA Damage ; Doxorubicin ; pharmacology ; Fas Ligand Protein ; Gene Expression Regulation ; drug effects ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms, Experimental ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; pathology ; ultrastructure ; Membrane Glycoproteins ; genetics ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Nude ; Necrosis ; Sulfinic Acids ; pharmacology ; Tumor Necrosis Factors ; genetics ; Up-Regulation ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein ; genetics

A new method based on ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS) was developed for the simultaneous determination of 22 endocannabinoids(eCBs) and relevant compounds in ovariectomized rat plasma. After being extracted by solid-phase column(SPE), the plasma samples were detected by using UPLC-MS/MS. Analysis was carried out with ACQUITY UPLC BEH C₁₈ column. The mobile phase was 0.1% acetic acid solution(A)-acetonitrile and isopropanol(9∶1, B) for the gradient elution. In the positive ion multiple reaction monitoring(MRM) mode, deuterated reagents were taken as standard alternatives to calculate recoveries and simultaneously quantify 22 endocannabinoids. The established method provided a good linearity for the 22 eCBs, and their linearly dependent coefficients were all higher than 0.99. The limits of quantitation(LOQs) ranged from 0.089 6 to 1.965 2 nmol•L-1. Relative recoveries of 5 deuterated surrogates ranged between 11.40% and 129.9%. The repeatability study results showed that RSD was all less than 8.0%. The established method could be used to analyze PGF2a EA, AEA and other endogenous cannabinoids in plasma samples of ovariectomized rats. In summary, this method was proved to boast a high sensitivity, repeatability and practicability, and thus could be used in rat plasma lipid metabolomics study.

ObjectiveTo develop a quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker （QAMS） for determination of bufalin， cinobufagin and resibufogenin in Shexiang Baoxin pills， and to provide a method for improving the national standard of the pills. MethodHigh performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） was developed for simultaneous determination of bufalin， cinobufagin and resibufogenin in Shexiang Baoxin pills and the methodology validation was carried out. The chromatographic separation was performed on a Nucleosil 100-5 C₁₈ column （4.6 mm×250 mm， 5 μm） with the mobile phase of acetonitrile -0.1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate aqueous solution （pH adjusted to 3.2 with phosphoric acid） （48∶52）， and the flow rate was 0.6 mL·min^-1， the detection wavelength was set at 296 nm and the column temperature was 35 ℃. Taking cinobufagin as the internal standard， the relative correction factors （RCFs） of bufalin and resibufogenin were calculated， and the key influencing factors of RCFs were investigated. Relative retention time was used for the chromatographic peak location of the analyte， combining with the on-line ultraviolet spectroscopy and accurate relative molecular weight obtained by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry （UPLC-QTOF/MS）. The external standard method was used to verify the contents of three components obtained by QAMS. ResultQAMS was established for the determination of bufalin， cinobufagin and resibufogenin in the samples， and RCFs of cinobufagin to bufalin and resibufogenin were 0.922 and 1.01， respectively. The total content of the three marker compounds in 11 batches of Shexiang Baoxin pills was 33.7-36.0 µg per pill. There was no significant difference between the quantitative results of QAMS and external standard method. ConclusionThe established method can be used for the quality control of bufalin， cinobufagin and resibufogenin in Shexiang Baoxin pills. It is suggested that bufalin should be considered as one of three marker compounds， and the sum of bufalin， cinobufagin and resibufogenin should be used for the content limit of this preparation.

As a new strategy capable of uncovering the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicines, the quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker(QAMS) has been widely employed for the quality evaluation of Chinese medicinal materials, slices, and extracts. However, its application in the assessment of Chinese patent medicines is yet to be explored. By referring to the determination of three bufogenins in Bufonis Venenum by QAMS described in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 Edition), this paper selected seven representative preparations containing Bufonis Venenum and explored whether the relative correction factors(RCFs) of cinobufagin(CB) to bufalin(BF) and resibufogenin(RB) could be directly used for the quality control of Bufonis Venenum-contained preparations. Based on the qualitative analyses under the same chromatographic conditions as used for toad venom, combing specificity test, five preparations such as Yatong Yili Pills, Houzheng Pills, Xiongdan Jiuxin Pills, Liushen Pills and Niuhuang Xiaoyan Pills, were expected to use validated RCFs for the direct determination of three components. Taking Houzheng Pills as an example, the methodological validation of bufalin, cinobufagin and resibufogenin was carried out, and the recoveries of bufalin, cinobufagin and resibufogenin were 90.64%-106.1%. The obvious difference was not observed between the contents of bufalin and resibufogenin in 24 batches of preparation samples by QAMS and external reference method. In the tested samples, the content of bufalin, cinobufagin and resibufogenin were 1.27-2.61, 2.44-5.66 and 0.988-3.16 mg·g~(-1) in 10 batches of Liushen Pills samples. The contents of bufalin, cinobufagin and resibufogenin were 0.760-1.32, 1.35-2.39 and 0.600-1.55 mg·g~(-1) in 10 batches of Houzheng Pills samples from three manufacturers. The obtained data contribute to improving the quality standard of Bufonis Venenum-contained preparations, and they also provide some ideas for the application of QAMS in the quality evaluation and control of Chinese patent medicines.
China ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Nonprescription Drugs ; Quality Control