Controlling dyslipidemia is important for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. This review introduces dietary management recommendations from the 2015 Korean Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidemia, which were established by the Korean Society of Lipidology and Atherosclerosis. To prevent dyslipidemia, controlling dietary energy consumption to maintain a healthy body weight is important, due to the positive relationship among overweight, obesity, and dyslipidemia. It is recommended that less than 30% of total daily calories come from dietary fat. Rather than simply decreasing the consumption of total fat, it is suggested that the consumption of saturated and trans fatty acid is less than 7% and 1%, respectively, of total daily calories. To reduce serum total triglycerides, the consumption of dietary carbohydrates is advised not to take excessive, and in particular a reduction in the consumption of simple sugars. The consumption of dietary fiber, which is rich in foods such as whole grains and vegetables, is recommended at 25 grams per day. Also, based on studies on the relationship between disease and dietary patterns, it is advised to maintain a diverse and balanced diet that includes vegetables, fruits, dairy products and whole grains, rather than a diet consisting of meat, noodles, and alcohol. Focusing on lifestyle behavioral strategies that target diet management to improve dyslipidemia could be highly effective in facilitating the risk reduction of cardiovascular disease and enhancing pharmacotherapeutic interventions.
Atherosclerosis ; Body Weight ; Carbohydrates ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Dairy Products ; Diet Therapy ; Diet* ; Dietary Carbohydrates ; Dietary Fats ; Dietary Fiber ; Dyslipidemias* ; Edible Grain ; Fruit ; Life Style ; Meat ; Obesity ; Overweight ; Risk Reduction Behavior ; Triglycerides ; Vegetables

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of subjective stress levels on various characteristics, dietary intake, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) among Korean people. METHOD: This study conducted analyses on subjective stress levels and demographic-, socioeconomic-, health-related factors, dietary intake and CVD of 15,474 subjects aged over 20 years from the 5th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database. In addition, the presence of CVD including angina, myocardial infarction, and stroke was analyzed. RESULTS: The responses of 25.6% of the subjects were that they felt high levels of stress. Significant differences in age, gender, education level, occupation, marital status, smoking and drinking status were observed by subjective stress levels (p<0.001 for all except p=0.035 for drinking status). After adjustment for non-modifiable covariates and modifiable covariates, subjects with high levels of stress showed an increase in the risk of angina, myocardial infarction-angina, and CVD, compared to those with low levels of stress [OR (95% CI) for non-modifiable covariates: 1.41 (1.04-1.90, p<0.05), 1.36 (1.06-174, p<0.05), and 1.30 (1.07-1.58, p<0.001)] and [OR (95% CI) for modifiable covariates: 1.44 (1.05-1.97, p<0.05), 1.41 (1.09-1.83, p<0.001), and 1.37 (1.12-1.68, p<0.001)]. Also, subjects with high levels of stress consumed more dietary fat than those with low levels of stress, but the opposite trend was observed regarding the consumption of carbohydrates (p<0.001 for both). CONCLUSION: Our findings showed that subjective stress levels adjusted for modifiable risk factors induced increased occurrence of CVD than that adjusted for non-modifiable risk factors.
Carbohydrates ; Cardiovascular Diseases* ; Dietary Fats ; Drinking ; Education ; Marital Status ; Myocardial Infarction ; Nutrition Surveys ; Nutritional Status ; Occupations ; Risk Factors ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Stress, Psychological ; Stroke

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of subjective stress level on health-related habits, as well as the effect of the interaction between health-related habits and stress level on obesity in Koreans. METHODS: This study analyzed the subjective stress level and health-related habits, such as alcohol consumption, smoking, eating habits, and anthropometrics, of 15,474 subjects older than 20 years according to gender using data from the Fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES-V) database. RESULTS: Women tended to have a higher subjective stress level than men (P<0.001). Both men and women with high subjective stress level showed poor alcohol consumption and smoking habits compared to those with low subjective stress level. Among men, greater consumption of alcohol (P<0.001), AUDIT score (P<0.001), smoking quantity (P<0.001), and frequency of eating-out (P=0.019) were associated with higher BMI. In contrast, a greater consumption of alcohol (P<0.001) and higher AUDIT score (P=0.016) were associated with higher BMI in women. Men with a higher alcohol consumption were associated with an increased risk of obesity, regardless of subjective stress level (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate a gender-specific difference in stress level based on differences in health-related habits that affect obesity.
Alcohol Drinking ; Diet ; Eating ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Nutrition Surveys ; Obesity ; Smoke ; Smoking

No abstract available.
Obesity

The association between adiponectin concentration and obesity have been reported and genetic variations of the ADIPOQ gene are known to influence the plasmatic concentration of adiponectin. Therefore, we investigated the effect of AIPOQ single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) on obesity-related variables, and their modulation by dietary intakes in Korean women. The subjects consisted of 3,217 Korean women aged 40-59 years participating in the Korean Genome Epidemiology Study (KoGES). The general characteristics, anthropometric variables, serum blood profiles were measured. Dietary intake was analyzed using the Food Frequency Questionnaire. Subjects with the T allele of AIPOQ rs182052 showed significantly higher obesity-related variables such as weight (p=0.005), BMI (p<0.000), fat body mass (p=0.005), and waist-hip ratio (p=0.007) than those with the C allele. Moreover, the rs182052 T allele was associated with an increased risk of obesity prevalence (p=0.019). However, there were not any significant interactions observed between the genotype of ADIPOQ rs182052 and dietary intake on BMI and fat body mass. These findings suggest that the obesity-related variables may be more dominantly affected by the genotype of ADIPOQ rs182052 than dietary intake in middle aged Korean women.
Adiponectin ; Aged ; Alleles ; Animals ; Fat Body ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Genome ; Genotype ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Obesity ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Prevalence ; Waist-Hip Ratio ; Surveys and Questionnaires

ESR1 has been listed in the Human Obesity Gene Map as candidate gene associated with obesity. Thus, in this study, we investigated the effect of the ESR1 rs1884051 polymorphism on obesity-related variables, together with their modulations by dietary intake in Korean men. The obesity-related variables and dietary intake of 3,039 Korean men aged 40-59 years from KoGES database were analyzed. Body weight (P = 0.007), BMI (P = 0.003), waist-hip ratio (= 0.011), fat body mass (P = 0.010), and body fat percentage (P = 0.040) were significantly lower in subjects with the minor T allele of ESR1 rs1884051 than in subjects carrying the C allele. Moreover, the rs1884051 T allele was associated with a decreased risk of obesity prevalence (P = 0.040). Among the subjects whose total energy intake was below the median, carrier of the minor T allele of ESR1 rs1884051 had a lower BMI (P = 0.003) when compared with subjects carrying the C allele. In addition, among subjects whose plant protein intake was above the median, carrier of the minor T allele of ESR1 rs1884051 had a lower BMI (P = 0.044) compared with subjects carrying the C allele. Our findings demonstrate that there is a significant association between the ESR1 rs1884051 variant and obesity-related variables and this association can be potentially modified by dietary energy and plant protein intake.
Adipose Tissue ; Aged ; Alleles ; Animals ; Body Weight ; Energy Intake ; Fat Body ; Humans ; Lifting ; Male ; Obesity ; Plants ; Prevalence ; Waist-Hip Ratio

Catecholamines are among the first molecules that displayed a kind of response to prolonged or repeated stress. It is well established that long-term stress leads to the induction of catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes such as tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) in adrenal medulla. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of ginseng on TH and DBH mRNA expression. Repeated (2 h daily, 14 days) immobilization stress resulted in a significant increase of TH and DBH mRNA levels in rat adrenal medulla. However, ginseng treatment reversed the stress-induced increase of TH and DBH mRNA expression in the immobilization-stressed rats. Nicotine as a ligand of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) in adrenal medulla stimulates catecholamine secretion and activates TH and DBH gene expression. Nicotine treatment increased mRNA levels of TH and DBH by 3.3- and 3.1-fold in PC12 cells. The ginseng total saponin exhibited a significant reversal in the nicotine-induced increase of TH and DBH mRNA expression, decreasing the mRNA levels of TH and DBH by 57.2% and 48.9%, respectively in PC12 cells. In conclusion, immobilization stress induced catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes gene expression, while ginseng appeared to restore homeostasis via suppression of TH and DBH gene expression. In part, the regulatory activity in the TH and DBH gene expression of ginseng may account for the anti-stress action produced by ginseng.
Adrenal Medulla ; Animals ; Catecholamines ; Dopamine ; Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase ; Down-Regulation ; Gene Expression ; Homeostasis ; Immobilization ; Nicotine ; Panax ; PC12 Cells ; Rats ; Receptors, Nicotinic ; RNA, Messenger ; Saponins ; Tyrosine ; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase