OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of subjective stress levels on various characteristics, dietary intake, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) among Korean people. METHOD: This study conducted analyses on subjective stress levels and demographic-, socioeconomic-, health-related factors, dietary intake and CVD of 15,474 subjects aged over 20 years from the 5th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database. In addition, the presence of CVD including angina, myocardial infarction, and stroke was analyzed. RESULTS: The responses of 25.6% of the subjects were that they felt high levels of stress. Significant differences in age, gender, education level, occupation, marital status, smoking and drinking status were observed by subjective stress levels (p<0.001 for all except p=0.035 for drinking status). After adjustment for non-modifiable covariates and modifiable covariates, subjects with high levels of stress showed an increase in the risk of angina, myocardial infarction-angina, and CVD, compared to those with low levels of stress [OR (95% CI) for non-modifiable covariates: 1.41 (1.04-1.90, p<0.05), 1.36 (1.06-174, p<0.05), and 1.30 (1.07-1.58, p<0.001)] and [OR (95% CI) for modifiable covariates: 1.44 (1.05-1.97, p<0.05), 1.41 (1.09-1.83, p<0.001), and 1.37 (1.12-1.68, p<0.001)]. Also, subjects with high levels of stress consumed more dietary fat than those with low levels of stress, but the opposite trend was observed regarding the consumption of carbohydrates (p<0.001 for both). CONCLUSION: Our findings showed that subjective stress levels adjusted for modifiable risk factors induced increased occurrence of CVD than that adjusted for non-modifiable risk factors.
Carbohydrates ; Cardiovascular Diseases* ; Dietary Fats ; Drinking ; Education ; Marital Status ; Myocardial Infarction ; Nutrition Surveys ; Nutritional Status ; Occupations ; Risk Factors ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Stress, Psychological ; Stroke

Controlling dyslipidemia is important for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. This review introduces dietary management recommendations from the 2015 Korean Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidemia, which were established by the Korean Society of Lipidology and Atherosclerosis. To prevent dyslipidemia, controlling dietary energy consumption to maintain a healthy body weight is important, due to the positive relationship among overweight, obesity, and dyslipidemia. It is recommended that less than 30% of total daily calories come from dietary fat. Rather than simply decreasing the consumption of total fat, it is suggested that the consumption of saturated and trans fatty acid is less than 7% and 1%, respectively, of total daily calories. To reduce serum total triglycerides, the consumption of dietary carbohydrates is advised not to take excessive, and in particular a reduction in the consumption of simple sugars. The consumption of dietary fiber, which is rich in foods such as whole grains and vegetables, is recommended at 25 grams per day. Also, based on studies on the relationship between disease and dietary patterns, it is advised to maintain a diverse and balanced diet that includes vegetables, fruits, dairy products and whole grains, rather than a diet consisting of meat, noodles, and alcohol. Focusing on lifestyle behavioral strategies that target diet management to improve dyslipidemia could be highly effective in facilitating the risk reduction of cardiovascular disease and enhancing pharmacotherapeutic interventions.
Atherosclerosis ; Body Weight ; Carbohydrates ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Dairy Products ; Diet Therapy ; Diet* ; Dietary Carbohydrates ; Dietary Fats ; Dietary Fiber ; Dyslipidemias* ; Edible Grain ; Fruit ; Life Style ; Meat ; Obesity ; Overweight ; Risk Reduction Behavior ; Triglycerides ; Vegetables

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of subjective stress level on health-related habits, as well as the effect of the interaction between health-related habits and stress level on obesity in Koreans. METHODS: This study analyzed the subjective stress level and health-related habits, such as alcohol consumption, smoking, eating habits, and anthropometrics, of 15,474 subjects older than 20 years according to gender using data from the Fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES-V) database. RESULTS: Women tended to have a higher subjective stress level than men (P<0.001). Both men and women with high subjective stress level showed poor alcohol consumption and smoking habits compared to those with low subjective stress level. Among men, greater consumption of alcohol (P<0.001), AUDIT score (P<0.001), smoking quantity (P<0.001), and frequency of eating-out (P=0.019) were associated with higher BMI. In contrast, a greater consumption of alcohol (P<0.001) and higher AUDIT score (P=0.016) were associated with higher BMI in women. Men with a higher alcohol consumption were associated with an increased risk of obesity, regardless of subjective stress level (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate a gender-specific difference in stress level based on differences in health-related habits that affect obesity.
Alcohol Drinking ; Diet ; Eating ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Nutrition Surveys ; Obesity ; Smoke ; Smoking

No abstract available.
Obesity

The association between adiponectin concentration and obesity have been reported and genetic variations of the ADIPOQ gene are known to influence the plasmatic concentration of adiponectin. Therefore, we investigated the effect of AIPOQ single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) on obesity-related variables, and their modulation by dietary intakes in Korean women. The subjects consisted of 3,217 Korean women aged 40-59 years participating in the Korean Genome Epidemiology Study (KoGES). The general characteristics, anthropometric variables, serum blood profiles were measured. Dietary intake was analyzed using the Food Frequency Questionnaire. Subjects with the T allele of AIPOQ rs182052 showed significantly higher obesity-related variables such as weight (p=0.005), BMI (p<0.000), fat body mass (p=0.005), and waist-hip ratio (p=0.007) than those with the C allele. Moreover, the rs182052 T allele was associated with an increased risk of obesity prevalence (p=0.019). However, there were not any significant interactions observed between the genotype of ADIPOQ rs182052 and dietary intake on BMI and fat body mass. These findings suggest that the obesity-related variables may be more dominantly affected by the genotype of ADIPOQ rs182052 than dietary intake in middle aged Korean women.
Adiponectin ; Aged ; Alleles ; Animals ; Fat Body ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Genome ; Genotype ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Obesity ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Prevalence ; Waist-Hip Ratio ; Surveys and Questionnaires

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Quercetin (QT) is a plant flavonoid that offers health benefits owing to its various bioactive properties; however, as a hydrophobic substance, it has considerably low bioavailability. We previously demonstrated that QT nanoemulsion (QT+NE) formulated via oil-in-water nanoemulsification exhibited more effective cholesterollowering activity than ordinary QT in high cholesterol-fed rats. In this study, we investigated the effects of QT+NE on the regulation of skeletal muscle mitochondrial function in high-fat diet (HD)-fed mice.MATERIALS/METHODS: C57BL/6J mice were fed a normal chow diet (ND), HD (45% of calories from fat), or HD with 0.05% QT+NE or QT for 11 weeks. We analyzed sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) activation, mitochondrial changes, and the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle. RESULTS: Body weight and body weight gain decreased in the QT+NE group compared with that in the HD group (P < 0.05), but not in the QT group. Epididymal adipose tissue weight decreased in both the QT and QT+NE groups (P < 0.05). Plasma lipid levels also improved in both the QT and QT+NE groups (P < 0.05). QT+NE intake upregulated the messenger RNA levels of SIRT1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1-α, nuclear respiratory factor 1, and mitochondrial transcription factor A in skeletal muscle compared with HD intake alone (P < 0.05), whereas QT did not. In particular, SIRT1 activity was significantly increased in the QT+NE group compared with that in the QT group (P < 0.05).HD intake reduced mitochondrial DNA content compared with ND intake; nevertheless, QT+NE intake retained it (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Collectively, our findings suggest that QT+NE may be beneficial in enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle of HD-fed mice, which may be associated with SIRT1 activation.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Quercetin (QT) is a plant flavonoid that offers health benefits owing to its various bioactive properties; however, as a hydrophobic substance, it has considerably low bioavailability. We previously demonstrated that QT nanoemulsion (QT+NE) formulated via oil-in-water nanoemulsification exhibited more effective cholesterollowering activity than ordinary QT in high cholesterol-fed rats. In this study, we investigated the effects of QT+NE on the regulation of skeletal muscle mitochondrial function in high-fat diet (HD)-fed mice.MATERIALS/METHODS: C57BL/6J mice were fed a normal chow diet (ND), HD (45% of calories from fat), or HD with 0.05% QT+NE or QT for 11 weeks. We analyzed sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) activation, mitochondrial changes, and the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle. RESULTS: Body weight and body weight gain decreased in the QT+NE group compared with that in the HD group (P < 0.05), but not in the QT group. Epididymal adipose tissue weight decreased in both the QT and QT+NE groups (P < 0.05). Plasma lipid levels also improved in both the QT and QT+NE groups (P < 0.05). QT+NE intake upregulated the messenger RNA levels of SIRT1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1-α, nuclear respiratory factor 1, and mitochondrial transcription factor A in skeletal muscle compared with HD intake alone (P < 0.05), whereas QT did not. In particular, SIRT1 activity was significantly increased in the QT+NE group compared with that in the QT group (P < 0.05).HD intake reduced mitochondrial DNA content compared with ND intake; nevertheless, QT+NE intake retained it (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Collectively, our findings suggest that QT+NE may be beneficial in enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle of HD-fed mice, which may be associated with SIRT1 activation.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Quercetin (QT) is a plant flavonoid that offers health benefits owing to its various bioactive properties; however, as a hydrophobic substance, it has considerably low bioavailability. We previously demonstrated that QT nanoemulsion (QT+NE) formulated via oil-in-water nanoemulsification exhibited more effective cholesterollowering activity than ordinary QT in high cholesterol-fed rats. In this study, we investigated the effects of QT+NE on the regulation of skeletal muscle mitochondrial function in high-fat diet (HD)-fed mice.MATERIALS/METHODS: C57BL/6J mice were fed a normal chow diet (ND), HD (45% of calories from fat), or HD with 0.05% QT+NE or QT for 11 weeks. We analyzed sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) activation, mitochondrial changes, and the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle. RESULTS: Body weight and body weight gain decreased in the QT+NE group compared with that in the HD group (P < 0.05), but not in the QT group. Epididymal adipose tissue weight decreased in both the QT and QT+NE groups (P < 0.05). Plasma lipid levels also improved in both the QT and QT+NE groups (P < 0.05). QT+NE intake upregulated the messenger RNA levels of SIRT1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1-α, nuclear respiratory factor 1, and mitochondrial transcription factor A in skeletal muscle compared with HD intake alone (P < 0.05), whereas QT did not. In particular, SIRT1 activity was significantly increased in the QT+NE group compared with that in the QT group (P < 0.05).HD intake reduced mitochondrial DNA content compared with ND intake; nevertheless, QT+NE intake retained it (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Collectively, our findings suggest that QT+NE may be beneficial in enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle of HD-fed mice, which may be associated with SIRT1 activation.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Quercetin (QT) is a plant flavonoid that offers health benefits owing to its various bioactive properties; however, as a hydrophobic substance, it has considerably low bioavailability. We previously demonstrated that QT nanoemulsion (QT+NE) formulated via oil-in-water nanoemulsification exhibited more effective cholesterollowering activity than ordinary QT in high cholesterol-fed rats. In this study, we investigated the effects of QT+NE on the regulation of skeletal muscle mitochondrial function in high-fat diet (HD)-fed mice.MATERIALS/METHODS: C57BL/6J mice were fed a normal chow diet (ND), HD (45% of calories from fat), or HD with 0.05% QT+NE or QT for 11 weeks. We analyzed sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) activation, mitochondrial changes, and the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle. RESULTS: Body weight and body weight gain decreased in the QT+NE group compared with that in the HD group (P < 0.05), but not in the QT group. Epididymal adipose tissue weight decreased in both the QT and QT+NE groups (P < 0.05). Plasma lipid levels also improved in both the QT and QT+NE groups (P < 0.05). QT+NE intake upregulated the messenger RNA levels of SIRT1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1-α, nuclear respiratory factor 1, and mitochondrial transcription factor A in skeletal muscle compared with HD intake alone (P < 0.05), whereas QT did not. In particular, SIRT1 activity was significantly increased in the QT+NE group compared with that in the QT group (P < 0.05).HD intake reduced mitochondrial DNA content compared with ND intake; nevertheless, QT+NE intake retained it (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Collectively, our findings suggest that QT+NE may be beneficial in enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle of HD-fed mice, which may be associated with SIRT1 activation.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Quercetin (QT) is a plant flavonoid that offers health benefits owing to its various bioactive properties; however, as a hydrophobic substance, it has considerably low bioavailability. We previously demonstrated that QT nanoemulsion (QT+NE) formulated via oil-in-water nanoemulsification exhibited more effective cholesterollowering activity than ordinary QT in high cholesterol-fed rats. In this study, we investigated the effects of QT+NE on the regulation of skeletal muscle mitochondrial function in high-fat diet (HD)-fed mice.MATERIALS/METHODS: C57BL/6J mice were fed a normal chow diet (ND), HD (45% of calories from fat), or HD with 0.05% QT+NE or QT for 11 weeks. We analyzed sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) activation, mitochondrial changes, and the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle. RESULTS: Body weight and body weight gain decreased in the QT+NE group compared with that in the HD group (P < 0.05), but not in the QT group. Epididymal adipose tissue weight decreased in both the QT and QT+NE groups (P < 0.05). Plasma lipid levels also improved in both the QT and QT+NE groups (P < 0.05). QT+NE intake upregulated the messenger RNA levels of SIRT1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1-α, nuclear respiratory factor 1, and mitochondrial transcription factor A in skeletal muscle compared with HD intake alone (P < 0.05), whereas QT did not. In particular, SIRT1 activity was significantly increased in the QT+NE group compared with that in the QT group (P < 0.05).HD intake reduced mitochondrial DNA content compared with ND intake; nevertheless, QT+NE intake retained it (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Collectively, our findings suggest that QT+NE may be beneficial in enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle of HD-fed mice, which may be associated with SIRT1 activation.