This study was attempted to identify the knowledge to breast-feeding and the performance of nursing activities for breast-feeding and to test "how does the degree of knowledge to breast-feeding influence the nursing activities for breast-feeding?" The subjects were 180 nurses working in delivery rooms, nursery, obstetrics & pediatrics wards or OPD of obstetrics & gynecology of 8 general hospitals in Pusan as of August 3 through 13, 1996. The results are abstracted as follows : 1) Subject nurses' age : 25-29 was 45.6%(the major), education levels ; graduates from junior college were 95.0%, unmarried status was 62.2%, 76.5% of married nurses had children, 39.7% in-service education for Breast-Feeding, 337% did nursing activities for breast-feeding actively, the reason for inadequate activities for breast-feeding was "too much other tasks." 2) The degree of knowledge to breast-feeding ; mean score was 13.54, the degree of performance of nursing activities for breast-feeding ; 92.38+/-20.93 points out of possible 145 points(3.19+/-.74 out of possible 5 points) meaned that it was a low level. 3) The hypothesis "the nurses who have higher degrees of knowledge to breast-feeding will show higher degrees of performance of nursing activities for breast-feeding than the nurses who have lowe degrees of knowledge to breast-feeding" was tested by t-test(t=-.01, P=.9888), but rejected because it turned out statistically not significant at the level of P<.05) Above results suggested the degrees of knowledge to breast-feeding and the degrees of performance of nursing activities for breast-feeding were generally low and the degree of knowledge didn't influence the nursing activities. Researchers believe that the education for breast-feeding by the nurses need to be performed systemically & practically and new-method of breast-feeding education program need to include hospital managers as well as nurses related mothers and their family. In addition, researchers propose the introduction of "lactation specialist system", for the specialist can change the attitude of feeding-mothers positively with their specialty and authority.
Busan ; Child ; Delivery Rooms ; Education ; Gynecology ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Mothers ; Nurseries ; Nursing* ; Obstetrics ; Pediatrics ; Single Person ; Specialization ; Child Health

BACKGROUND: Immunostaining to identify nuclear antigen provides a convenient way of assessing proliferative kinetics in hyperplastic/tumor tissue. OBJECTIVE: The object of this study is to find out whether there are any differences in the expression of proliferation related protein among psoriasis, basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma by immunohistochemical evaluation on the PCNA (proliferative cell nuclear antigen) and Ki-67. METHODS: The detection of PCNA and Ki-67 were done by,immunohistochemical methods (avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase methods) using respective monoclonal antibodies in the paraffin embeded tissues from psoriasis (17 cases), basal cell carcinomas (15 cases) and squamous cell carcinomas (10 cases). RESULTS: The labelling indices of PCNA were 14.2±4.0% in psoriasis, 10.9±5.5% in basal cell cardinoma and 28.0±7.8% in squamous cell carcinoma, while the labelling indices of Ki-67 were 15.7±3.8% in psoriasis, 11.26.1% in basal cell carcinoma and 30.3±9.4% in squamous cell carcinoma. CONCLUSION: 1. Interpretation of Ki-67 staining was easier than that for PCNA, mainly because cell morphology was better preserved and the distinction between hyperplastic/tumor and nontumor cell was clear. 2. PCNA and Ki-67 counts had strong correlation to each other (r=0.979). 3. Our immunohistochemical results of PCNA and Ki-67 suggested that proliferative activity was more marked in psoriasis than basal cell carcinoma.
Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Carcinoma, Basal Cell* ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Kinetics ; Paraffin ; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen* ; Psoriasis*

No abstract available.
Brain Neoplasms* ; Brain* ; Humans ; Immunocompetence*

PURPOSE:Growth retardation is a serious clinical problem in children with chronic renal failure(CRF). Dialysis and renal transplantation do not provide an improvement in growth velocity. Possible causes of growth retardation are nutritional deficiency, electrolyte imbalance, uremia, renal asteodystrophy and chronic anemia. However, catch-up growth cannot be achieved after correcting these factors. There is no concordance about disturbances of growth hormone(GH)-insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) axis. in CRF. This study was designed to evaluate the growth status, IGF-I, GH and the effect of GH in CRF. METHODS:Twelve children with CRF(five were treated conservative, seven were transplanted) were included. IGF-I, stimulated GH, 24 hour integrated concentration of GH (IC-GH)were measured. Six were given rhGH(0.1U/kg/day) for average one year. RESULTS: 1)Growth velocity(GV) was 3.2+/-0.8cm/yr(conservative therapy:3.3+/-0.7, transplanted:2.9+/-0.8). Height standard deveation score(SDS) was -2.4+/-1.3cm/yr(conservative therapy group:-3.3+/-1.4, transplanted group:-1.3+/-0.4). Bone age lagged 2.1+/-13yr behind chronological age. 2) IGF-I concentrations were normal. 3)Stimulated GH levels were normal(16.6+/-3.3ng/ml) except one patient. Twenty- four hour IC-GH were less than 3.2ng/ml in 4 patients. 4)After GH therapy, GV increased 3.3+/-0.7cm/yr to 5.4+/-0.8cm/yr and Ht SDS increased -3.3+/-1.4 to -2.9+/-1.5 in the conservatively treated group. GV increased 2.9+/-0.8cm/yr to 5.5+/-1.8cm/yr and Ht SDS increased -1.3+/-0.4 to -0.8+/-0.5 in the transplanted group. CONCLUSION: Stimulated GH was normal but spontaneous secretion of GH was decreased in some patients with CRF. This neurosecretory dysfunction may be one causative factor in CRF. For these patients GH replacement therapy will be effective in promoting growth.
Anemia ; Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Child* ; Dialysis ; Growth Hormone* ; Humans ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I ; Kidney Failure, Chronic* ; Kidney Transplantation ; Malnutrition ; Uremia

No abstract available.
Blood Pressure* ; Body Mass Index* ; Cholesterol* ; Humans ; Plasma* ; Spouses*

No abstract available.
Breast* ; Jaundice* ; Milk, Human*

No abstract available.
Child* ; Growth Hormone* ; Humans

Development of drug resistance in tumors during treatment is a major factor limiting the clinical use of anticancer agents. When tumor cells acquire resistance to anticancer drug, they show cross-resistance to other antitumor agents. In the present study, SNU-1 cell was induced adriamycin 10-7 drug resistance, SNU-1/ADR, in vitro culture system. We got the doubling time and number for viability test during 96 hours by MTT assay. To investigate the cross resistance of various anticancer drugs in human stomach cancer cell SNU-1 and SNU-1/ADR, We compared IC50 (drug concentration of 50% reduction) and the relative resistance (RR). SNU-1/ADR was expressed multidrug resistant with vinblastine (RR;>31.62), vincristine (RR;29.50), dactinomycin (RR;21.37), epirubicin (RR;17.78), daunorubicin (RR;14.12), adriamycin (RR;7.76), and etoposide (RR;4.46), and other drugs, 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and calarubicin, have not cross resistant with adriamycin. There was double minute chromosome in SNU-1/ADR by karyotyping although this change was not seen in SUN-1.
Antineoplastic Agents ; Cisplatin ; Cyclophosphamide ; Dactinomycin ; Daunorubicin ; Doxorubicin ; Drug Resistance ; Epirubicin ; Etoposide ; Fluorouracil ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Inhibitory Concentration 50 ; Karyotyping ; Metabolism* ; Methotrexate ; Stomach Neoplasms* ; Stomach* ; Vinblastine ; Vincristine

We report one case of bilateral testicular torsion. A 400 gm male infant, born by cesarean section due to induction failure at 42 weeks gestation, was hospitalized at 9 days of age secondary to bilateral testicular mass. Physical examination revealed an healthy baby with enlarged, firm, nontender mass on both sides of the scrotum. Transillumination of the mass showed no transmission of light. Laboratory data included a normal CBC and a urinalysis. Ultrasonogrophy showed well encapsulated 0.9 x 0.9 x 1.0 cm sized and 1.5 x 1.3 x 1.3 cm sized homogenous hypoechoic solid mass in left and right testicles respectively, remainder testicular parenchyme showed normal structure. Exploration of the testes was performed at 25-days old under general anesthesia. Exploration revealed a infarction of the right testes secondary to spermatic cord torsion, evidenced by clockwise turns outside the tunica vaginalis of 270 degrees. Left testes was infarcted but a quarter of them seemed normal. Orchiectomy on right and fixation on left testes were performed respectively. Left spermatic cord seemed to be detorted spontaneously. Postoperatively the infant did well and discharged 5 days after operation. Follow up examination during the next 3 months have shown appropriated sized testicle with normal colorization and arterial pulse. Testicular scan performed at age 39 days showed good perfusion of left testes.
Anesthesia, General ; Cesarean Section ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn* ; Infarction ; Male ; Orchiectomy ; Perfusion ; Physical Examination ; Pregnancy ; Scrotum ; Spermatic Cord ; Spermatic Cord Torsion ; Testis* ; Transillumination ; Urinalysis

Congenital hypothyroidism is one of the most common endocrine disease in childhood and it causes not only mental retardation but also growth retardation. There were many papers about evaluation of developmental outcome in congenital hypothyroidism. The aim of this study was to evaluate growth outcome in congenital hypothyroidism. We evaluated 65 patients with congenital hypothyroidism diagnosed at Yonsei University College of Medicine. The results were summerized as follows; 1) The Male to female ratio was 1:1.4 2) Among the 65 patients, under 1 year of age with 16 cases (24.6%), 1~4 years with 19 cases (29.2%), 5~10 years with 22 cases (33.8%), above 10 years with 8 cases (12.3%). 3) Among the 65 patients, 30 cases (46%) had ectopic thyroid, 18 cases (28%) had dyshormonogeneses, 10 cases (15%) had hypoplasia and 7 cases (11%) had aplasia. 4) At the initial diagnosis, all the patients showed decreased T3, T4 and increased TSH level. 5) Before treatment, bone age and height age were delayed but they were normalized after treatment. 6) There was correlation between age of initial treatment and current height percentile. 7) There was significant correlation between initial T3 level and height age delay. 8) In the 4 cases who were diagnosed and treated before the age of 4, final adult height would be achieved within normal range. In conclusion, delayed growth due to congenital hypothyroidism would be prevented by early diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, the recognition of the importance of early diagnosis and treatment is emphasized.
Adult ; Congenital Hypothyroidism* ; Diagnosis ; Early Diagnosis ; Endocrine System Diseases ; Female ; Humans ; Intellectual Disability ; Male ; Reference Values ; Thyroid Dysgenesis