PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to exam differences in awareness and ethical attitudes associated with Do-Not- Resuscitate (DNR) among emergency department's team. METHOD: The participants in this study were 402 emergency department's team working in the 41 hospitals. The data was collected by using "awareness measuring tool" by Kang (2003) and "ethical attitudes measuring tool" by Ko (2004) from May 1 to September 15, 2009. Collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient using SPSS WIN 14.0 program. RESULTS: 74.4% of subjects was responded that they had never been educated about DNR, but 73.9% of subjects was responded that they had experienced DNR in the emergency room. The majority of subjects responded that the patients and their families should make a decision about the DNR. There was a difference in an appropriate time for explanation of DNR among emergency department's team. There was a difference in ethical attitudes associated with Do-Not- Resuscitate among emergency department's team. CONCLUSION: For a professional and systematic approach to the problem, DNR guideline sufficient to elicit a social consensus is needed.
Consensus ; Emergencies ; Humans

The effects of taurine, carnitine or glutamine supplementation on endurance exercise performance along with related fatigue factors were evaluated in male college students in the Department of Physical Education, who''s maximal oxygen consumption rates (VO2max) were equivalent to those of endurance athletes. Twenty four subjects were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=6), and given placebo, taurine (4 g/day), carnitine (4 g/day), or glutamine (4 g/day) tablets for 2 weeks. Subjects could run 6.9 min or 9.0 min longer until exhausted on a treadmill at the intensity of 75% VO2max following taurine or camitine supplementation for 2 weeks, respectively, compared to the value measured prior to each supplementation. Glutamine or placebo supplementation did not improve the endurance exercise performance based on the running time until exhausted on a treadmill. Serum lactate concentrations measured 1 hr after the initiation of the endurance exercise, as well as at all-out state tended to be decreased by taurine, carnitine, or glutamine supplementation, and were significantly lowered (43% decrease) by carnitine supplementation (p<0.05). Taurine supplementation significantly reduced the serum inorganic phosphorus concentration measured at all-out state (14% decrease, p<0.05), while carnitine supplementation significantly lowered the resting state serum inorganic phosphorus level (20% decrease, p<0.05). Taurine (32% reduction) or carnitine (23% reduction) supplementation significantly decreased serum ammonia concentration measured at all-out state (p<0.05). From these results, 4 g/day of taurine or carnitine supplementation appears to improve the endurance exercise performance and related human fatigue factors.
Ammonia ; Athletes* ; Carnitine* ; Dietary Supplements* ; Fatigue* ; Glutamine* ; Humans ; Lactic Acid ; Male ; Oxygen Consumption ; Phosphorus ; Physical Education and Training ; Running ; Tablets ; Taurine*

We report herein a 46-year-old woman who presented with mucinous breast carcinoma that appeared as a coarse and densely calcified mass on mammography. The lesion was a 4.6-cmsized palpable, hyperechoic, calcified mass with posterior shadowing on ultrasonography. This finding is a unique feature of mucinous breast carcinoma and is also observed in unusual breast cancer variants such as metaplastic breast cancer with chondroid differentiation, extraosseous osteosarcoma, and breast chondrosarcoma. The lesion showed a slow-growing pattern throughout the 4-year observation period. Mammography performed 4 years ago revealed faint, grouped microcalcifications; the lesion increased in size over 2 years, presenting as a well-circumscribed, calcified mass, mimicking dystrophic calcification. As several unusual variants of breast cancer, including mucinous carcinoma, may present as coarse and densely calcified masses on mammography, immediate biopsy should be considered when they are observed.

The pathogenesis of endocervical glandular lesions are not clearly understood. The aims of this study are to evaluate the etiologic role of human papillomavirus (HPV) 16/18 and the relationship of HPV 16/18, p53 and MIB-1 expressions in endocervical glandular dysplasia (EGD), adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) and adenocarcinoma. The materials included 14 endocervical adenocarcinoma and 5 AIS and 18 high grade EGD and 39 low grade EGD. Immunohistochemistry for p53 and MIB-1, and in situ PCR for HPV 16/18 were done. HPV 16/18 positivity was 84.2%, 16.7% and 17.9% in malignant glandular lesion (adenocarcinoma and AIS), high grade EGD and low grade EGD, respectively. P53 protein expression rates of malignant glandular lesions, high grade EGD and low grade EGD were 31.6%, 11.1%, and 0%, respectively. High MIB-1 labelling index was found in 73.7% of malignant glandular lesions, but in only 5.7% and 3.6% of high and low grade EGD, respectively. There were statistically significant differences in HPV 16/18, p53 and MIB-1 expressions between malignant endocervical glandular lesions and EGD, but no significant difference in p53 and MIB-1 expressions in relation to HPV 16/18 expression. In malignant endocervical glandular lesions, HPV 16/18 infection may be a major causative factor, but not be related to p53 and MIB-1 expressions.
Adenocarcinoma/pathology/physiopathology/*virology ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology/physiopathology/virology ; Cervix Neoplasms/pathology/physiopathology/*virology ; Female ; Human ; Nuclear Proteins/analysis/*genetics ; Oncogene Proteins, Viral/genetics ; *Papillomavirus, Human ; Papovaviridae Infections/*pathology/physiopathology ; Protein p53/analysis/*genetics ; Tumor Virus Infections/*pathology/physiopathology

Lactobacillus species have been widely used in both human and animals to prevent or treat gastrointestinal disorders. Recently, it was reported that Lactobacillus spp. inhibited infections by respiratory and gastroenteric viruses; however, its mechanism is not clear. Lactobacillus spp. play direct and indirect roles in the inhibitory effects of viral replication. 1) In vitro study: Highest protection effects were showed with the known probiotics L. rhamnosus GG (LGG) and L. casei Shirota against both rotavirus (RV) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). 2) In vivo study: L. acidophilus had significant immunopotentiating effects, and was therefore recommended for use as a safe oral adjuvant for rotavirus vaccines in pigs. Oral administration of lactobacilli, such as LGG and L. gasseri, might protect a host animal from influenza virus (IFV) infection. Polysaccharides are regarded to be potentially useful and biologically active as an ingredient for pharmaceutical uses due to a variety of biological activities. Especially, sulphated polysaccharides exhibit broad-spectrum antiviral activity against enveloped viruses in vitro. With respect to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), its in vitro antiviral activity is, specifically, the inhibition of virus-cell attachment, the first step in the infection process. Recently, it was reported that sulphated polysaccharides exhibited antiviral activity against HBV, HCMV, HSV and IFV. In conclusion, Lactobacillus spp. and polysaccharides with antiviral activity against diverse viruses are potential candidates as ingredients for probiotics and medicine candidate for the prevention and treatment of viral infections in animals and humans.
Administration, Oral ; Animals ; HIV-1 ; Humans ; Lactobacillus ; Orthomyxoviridae ; Polysaccharides ; Probiotics ; Resin Cements ; Rotavirus ; Rotavirus Vaccines ; Swine ; Transmissible gastroenteritis virus

The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceptions of an unbalanced diet by elementary school students using a qualitative approach to nutrition counseling. To achieve the purpose of this study, client-centered counseling was performed over one semester with four volunteer children in the fifth grade who admitted eating an unbalanced diet. Their perceptions of an unbalanced diet were examined while focusing on cause. The contents of the counseling sessions were recorded and their eating habits observed. The proposed perceptions of the clients of an unbalanced diet were as follows: regarding the causes of an unbalanced diet, there may have been a certain negative event or memory related to food as well as an individual disease or history of disease; regarding the meaning of an unbalanced diet, the clients had two kinds of time concepts (formal one and informal one) and defined the meaning of an unbalanced diet as a matter of being able to eat proper amounts of food within an inter-meal time; and regarding the results of an unbalanced diet, they based their results on the approval of their parents and teachers. Feeding at school was used as the background of this study, which examined the meanings and results of an unbalanced diet, and there existed a correlation between the meanings and the results.
Child ; Counseling ; Diet ; Eating ; Humans ; Memory ; Parents

Stereotactic radiosurgery has become excellent alternative treatment for cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVM). This technique has expanded to treatment of larger AVM which is not amenable to surgical management. However, its variable adverse effects should be also taken into considerations sincerely because of radiobiological characteristics such as delayed onset and progressive neurological deteriorations. Herein, we report a case in which progressively expanding hemorrhagic cyst with repeated bleedings so called chronic encapsulated expanding hematoma was developed on several years after radiosurgery treatment. Neurological and radiological findings were improved by surgical removal.
Arteriovenous Malformations ; Hematoma ; Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations ; Radiosurgery

Purpose: This study sought to identify changes in anthropometric values among Korean school students by comparing the most recent nationwide data with previous data. Methods: Data from the Korea School Health Examination Survey 2018 were used. The study population consisted of 107,954 Korean school students ranging from the 1st grade in elementary school through the 3rd year of high school. The difference in height and weight values for each sex and school grade was analyzed by comparison with the Korea School Health Examination Survey 2010. Results: The mean heights of the 3rd-year high school students were 173.8 cm and 160.9 cm for boys and girls, respectively. The mean height of the 3rd-year high school students showed no difference between 2010 and 2018 for either sex. However, the mean height of the age group from the 3rd grade in elementary school through the 1st year in high school was significantly taller in 2018 compared to 2010 for both sexes. The mean weights of the 3rd-year high school students were 71.3 kg and 57.5 kg for boys and girls, respectively. The mean weight of students in 2018 was significantly higher compared to students in 2010 for most school grades. Conclusion Although no significant change was found in near-final height between 2010 and 2018 among high school seniors, the mean height during the growth spurt was significantly higher in 2018 compared to 2010. Weight was significantly higher in almost all school grades in 2018 compared to 2010.

Purpose: This study sought to identify changes in anthropometric values among Korean school students by comparing the most recent nationwide data with previous data. Methods: Data from the Korea School Health Examination Survey 2018 were used. The study population consisted of 107,954 Korean school students ranging from the 1st grade in elementary school through the 3rd year of high school. The difference in height and weight values for each sex and school grade was analyzed by comparison with the Korea School Health Examination Survey 2010. Results: The mean heights of the 3rd-year high school students were 173.8 cm and 160.9 cm for boys and girls, respectively. The mean height of the 3rd-year high school students showed no difference between 2010 and 2018 for either sex. However, the mean height of the age group from the 3rd grade in elementary school through the 1st year in high school was significantly taller in 2018 compared to 2010 for both sexes. The mean weights of the 3rd-year high school students were 71.3 kg and 57.5 kg for boys and girls, respectively. The mean weight of students in 2018 was significantly higher compared to students in 2010 for most school grades. Conclusion Although no significant change was found in near-final height between 2010 and 2018 among high school seniors, the mean height during the growth spurt was significantly higher in 2018 compared to 2010. Weight was significantly higher in almost all school grades in 2018 compared to 2010.

Purpose: : The purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting the degree of job embeddedness by examining role conflict among intensive care unit nurses, the nursing organizational culture, nurse-physician collaboration, degree of job embeddedness, to understand the relationship between these variables.Method : Participants are 148 nurses from two hospitals in the intensive care unit. Collected data are analyzed using independent t-tests, ANOVA, Scheffé test, Pearson correlations, and multiple regressions using the SPSS 25.0 program. Results: : The factors that significantly influenced the participants’ job embeddedness are role conflict (β=-.19, p =.015), innovation-oriented culture (β=.26, p =.003), and nurse-physician collaboration (β=.24, p =.002). The total explanatory power of these factors for job embeddedness is 44.5% (F=15.06, p =.001). Conclusion : This study identifies role conflict among intensive care unit nurses, innovation-oriented culture, and nurse-physician collaboration as important factors affecting job embeddedness.