PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to identify the frequencies and the risk factors of microvascular complications in subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus METHODS: The frequencies and their relation to risk factors of microvascular complications were analyzed in 29 type 1 diabetes mellitus subjects with duration of disease more than 5 years. Microvascular disease was defined as the presence of either retinopathy, microalbuminuria or neuropathy. RESULTS: The overall prevalence rate of microvascular disease was 8/29(27.6%). Retinopathy has developed in 3 patients(10.3%), microalbuminuria in 7 patients(24.0 %) and neuropathy in 5 patients(17.2%). The mean HbA1C was significantly higher in the patients with microvascular complications(11.6+/-.2% in microvascular complication group vs 9.3+/-.6% in control group). CONCLUSION: In childhood onset type 1 diabetes mellitus, poor glycemic control is an important risk factor for microvascular complications.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1* ; Humans ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors*

The purpose of the study was to identify the nursing diagnoses for aged persons in gerontological clinical practice of nursing students. In this study, a total of 101 cases including 36 cases of hospitalized elder, 33 cases of institutionalized elders, and 32 cases of community dwelling elders were used in case studies reported by nursing students. Descriptive statistics was employed to determine 370 nursing diagnoses in 101 cases. There were four findings. First, 47.5% of total 370 nursing diagnoses was 'risk for injury'. The next highest percentage of nursing diagnoses was 38.9%( powerless/hopelessness/self-esteem disturbance). Second, the most nursing diagnosis for hospitalized elders was 'knowledge deficit'(41.7%), and the next was 'risk for injury'(38.9%), and 'risk for impaired skin integrity'(27.8%). Third, for both institutionalized elders and community dwelling elders, the most nursing diagnosis was 'risk for injury', and the next was 'powerlessness/hopelessness/self-esteem disturbance', and 'activity intolerance/impaired physical immobility'. Fourth, the related factors of 'risk for injury' were low bone density, low balance, low visual and auditory ability, muscle atrophy, low cognitive function, danger environment, and knowledge deficit. the related factors of 'powerlessness/hopelessness/self-esteem disturbance' were low activity ability, social isolation, low motivation depression, change of daily pattern, decrease of memory, and disorientation. These findings have implications that risk for injury related to physical changes of aging is the most significant health problem of frail elders in diverse setting. In addition, emotional problems of powerless, hopelessness, and self-esteem disturbance are significant need to develop nursing intervention for frail elders in diverse setting.
Aged ; Aging ; Bone Density ; Depression ; Frail Elderly ; Humans ; Memory ; Motivation ; Muscular Atrophy ; Nursing Diagnosis* ; Nursing* ; Skin ; Social Isolation ; Students, Nursing*

This erratum is being published to correct of Table 4.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the possibility of using a digital model and cone beam computed tomograph (CBCT) image for model analysis. METHODS: Model analyses of CBCT images, plaster models, and digital models of 20 orthodontic patients with a permanent dentition with no proximal metal restorations, were compared. RESULTS: The average differences of tooth size measurements were 0.01 to 0.20 mm, and the average difference of arch length discrepancy measurements were 0.41 mm in the maxilla and 0.82 mm in the mandible. The difference in Bolton discrepancy measurements was 0.17 mm for the anterior region and 0.44 mm overall but with no statistically significant difference. When comparing CBCT images with plaster models, the average differences in tooth size measurements were -0.22 to 0.01 mm, and the average differences in arch length discrepancy measurements were 0.43 mm in the maxilla and 0.32 mm in the mandible. Difference in Bolton discrepancy measurements were 0.35 mm in the anterior region and 1.25 mm overall. CBCT images showed significantly smaller overall Bolton discrepancy measurements. CONCLUSIONS: Although there were statistically significant differences in some model analysis measurements, the ranges of measurement errors of the digital model and CBCT images were clinically acceptable. Therefore, a digital model and CBCT image can be used for model analysis.
Cone-Beam Computed Tomography ; Dentition, Permanent ; Humans ; Mandible ; Maxilla ; Tooth

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the discriminant factors of attitude pattern toward sexual violence of college women. METHODS: A cross-sectional research design with non-probability samples was conducted. A total of 292 college women participated. The instruments were Attitude Pattern toward Sexual Violence, Self-Esteem Scale, Gender Role Scale, and Attitude toward Sexuality. Dependent variable is Attitude Pattern toward Sexual Violence, which is composed of two groups; cases either harmer blame or sufferer blame. Independent variables were self-esteem, attitude toward gender role, and attitude toward sexuality. Data were analyzed by SPSS WIN program and descriptive analysis, chi-square -test, and discriminant analysis. RESULTS: To assess the adequacy of classification, the overall hit ratio was 68.5%, and the significant predictor variable was attitude toward sexuality. CONCLUSION: Replication of the study needs to be considered to further enrich the specific knowledge base regarding attitude toward sexual violence among college women.
Female ; Gender Identity ; Humans ; Knowledge Bases ; Research Design ; Sex Offenses ; Sexual Behavior ; Sexuality

PURPOSE: This study was undertaken in order to determine factors affecting health promoting lifestyle of elderly women. METHOD: The subjects were 299 elderly community residing women over the age 65 living in 2 large cities. The instruments used for this study were a survey of general characteristics, health promoting lifestyle(47items), perceived health status(6 items), self-efficacy(17 items), and social support(18 items). The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients, and Stepwise Multiple Regression. RESULT: The result of the study are as follows : The average item score for the health promoting lifestyle was 2.46, the highest score on the subscale was interpersonal support(M=2.83). A significant difference between age, education level, income, experience of smoking, alcohol, exercise, and health promoting lifestyle were found. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the most powerful predictor of health promoting lifestyle was social support(55%). CONCLUSION: Social support accounted for 54% of the variance in health promoting lifestyle in the elderly women. Therefore, health promoting programs that increase social support should be developed to promote a healthy lifestyle of the elderly women.

PURPOSE: This study was done to verify the reliability and validity of the Korean version of DMCI in Korean adolescents. METHODS: A methodological study design was used with Cronbach's alpha for reliability, and an exploratory factor analysis and contrasted groups approach for construct validity. DMCI was translated into Korean and tested with a sample of 406 adolescents in Korea. The data were analyzed using Cronbach's alpha, item correlation with total, principal component factor analysis, and t-test. RESULTS: The translated content of the DMCI was validated by nursing faculty members and translation equivalency was obtained. The Cronbach's alpha of the DMCI simplified with 18 items was .78. The factor analysis revealed three factors explaining 41.5% of total variance and the corresponding factors were self-observation (21.6%), self-judgement (11.4%), and self-confidence (8.6%). The mean score for the DMCI in the aggression group was significantly lower than the non-aggression group. CONCLUSION: Results of this study suggest that the Korean version of DMCI can used as a reliable and valid measure to assess decision making competency in Korean adolescents.
Adolescent ; Aggression ; Decision Making ; Faculty, Nursing ; Humans ; Korea ; Reproducibility of Results ; Child Health

No abstract available.
Classification* ; Dermatoglyphics* ; Yersinia*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare knowledge level of those clinical nurses who received HPV vaccine and those who did not and their perception of the relatedness of HPV vaccine to causes of cervical cancer. METHODS: A total of 249 clinical nurses were surveyed from June to July, 2009. The questionnaire originally developed by Kim & Ahn (2007) examined HPV-related knowledge originally and the tool for perception of the causes of cervical cancer was originally developed by Kim (1993). The total number of subjects equaled to: vaccination group of 52 (20.9%) and non-vaccination group of 197 (79.1%). RESULTS: Vaccination group showed significantly higher score of both knowledge of HPV vaccination and the perception of the cause of cervical cancer in comparison to the nonvaccination group at (p<.05). Among 4 subscales of the perception of causes of cervical cancer, destiny and constitution subscale scores were significantly different between the two groups at (p<.05). CONCLUSION: Clinical nurses need to constantly update with current knowledge of HPV and be prepared with currently changing cancer prevention strategies, especially in cervical cancer.
Constitution and Bylaws ; Humans ; Nurse Clinicians ; Papillomavirus Vaccines ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; Vaccination

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to illustrate MR patterns of bone marrow of calvarium and vertebral body in normal subjects according the age distribution and to understand the course of the fatty replacement from red marrow. METHODS AND MATERIAL: We retrospectively evaluated MR examinations of the calvaria(n=71), cervical spine(n=71), thoracic spine(n=65), Imbar spine(n =68) in subjects without bone marrow abnormality whose age ranged 3 weeks to 74 years. Three distinctive patterns were categorized on Tl-weighted images of the skull. In pattern 1, uniformly low signal intensity with or without very small areas of high intensity in frontal and occipital bones is noted. In pattern 2, frontal and occipital bones have uniformly high signal intensity, and patchy area of high intensity appears in parietal bone. In pattern 3, the entire skull has uniformly high signal intensity. In the spine, four patterns were categorized on Tl-weighted MR images. In pattern 1, the vertebral body has uniformly low signal intensity except for linear areas of high intensity superior and inferior to basivertebral vein. In pattern 2, bandlike and triangular areas of high signal intensity are found in the periphery. Pattern 3 and 4 have diffusely distributed areas of high signal intensity; pattern 3 consist of numerous indistinct dots measuring a few millimeter or less, and pattern 4 consist of fairly well marginated areas ranging in size from 5 to 1.5cm. RESULT:In the calvaria, 73% of pattern 1 were younger than 20 years, pattern 2 were evenly distributed, and 86% of pattern 3 were older than 40 years. In the spine, 87% of pattern 1 were younger than 40 years, 72% of pattern 3 were in 40 to 50 years, and 87% of pattern 4 were older than 50 years. Pattern 2 were evenly distributed in the cervical and thoracic spine, but in the thoracic spine 62% were younger than 30 years. CONCLUSION:It is concluded that younger age group shows mainly pattern 1, whereas elderly group has pattern 3 or 4 in the calvarial and vertebral body marrow. This suggests that conversion to fatty marrow begin locally and progress diffusely with age.
Age Distribution* ; Aged ; Bone Marrow* ; Humans ; Occipital Bone ; Parietal Bone ; Retrospective Studies ; Skull* ; Spine ; Veins