OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of individual cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for Patients with Primary or Secondary Insomnia. METHODS: Participants were recruited from a primary care sleep clinic from January 2008 to June 2009. The study sample included 64 outpatients with primary insomnia (n=30) and secondary insomnia (n=34) according to the criteria of DSM-IV. Participants completed sleep diaries, Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep Scale-16 (DBAS), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) before CBT and shortly after completion of CBT. CBT was provided in 7 weekly, 40-50-minute individual therapy sessions. RESULTS: Both groups of patients with primary and secondary insomnia showed significant improvement in the DBAS and sleep parameters including sleep onset latency, total sleep time, and sleep efficiency. Repeated-measures ANOVA of the DBAS and sleep parameters showed no significant group-by-time interactions between patients with primary and secondary insomnia, suggesting the efficacy of CBT for patients with secondary insomnia was equivalent to that of CBT for patients with primary insomnia. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that CBT is effective for the management of primary and secondary insomnia in a primary care setting.
Anxiety ; Cognitive Therapy ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Humans ; Outpatients ; Primary Health Care ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders

PURPOSE: This study was done to examine how laughter therapy impacts serotonin levels, QOL and depression in middle-aged women and to perform a path analysis for verification of the effects. METHODS: A quasi-experimental study employing a nonequivalent control group and pre-post design was conducted. Participants were 64 middle-aged women (control=14 and experimental=50 in 3 groups according to level of depression). The intervention was conducted five times a week for a period of 2 weeks and the data analysis was conducted using repeated measures ANOVA, ANCOVA and LISREL. RESULTS: Results showed that pre serotonin and QOL in women with severe depression were the lowest. Serotonin in the experimental groups increased after the 10th intervention (p=.006) and the rise was the highest in the group with severe depression (p=.001). Depression in all groups decreased after the 5th intervention (p=.022) and the biggest decline was observed in group with severe depression (p=.007). QOL of the moderate and severe groups increased after the 10th intervention (p=.049), and the increase rate was highest in group with severe depression (p<.006). Path analysis revealed that laughter therapy did not directly affect depression, but its effect was indirectly meditated through serotonin variation (p<.001). CONCLUSION: Results indicate that serotonin activation through laughter therapy can help middle-aged women by lessening depression and providing important grounds for depression control.
Adult ; Depression/pathology/*therapy ; Female ; Humans ; *Laughter Therapy ; Middle Aged ; *Quality of Life ; Serotonin/*blood ; Severity of Illness Index ; Surveys and Questionnaires

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study explores the parental characteristics that affect the eating behaviors of preschool children. The nutrition quotient for preschool children (NQ-P) tool was applied to measure the eating behaviors of preschool children, and the relationship between parents’ health beliefs and children’s eating behaviors was investigated by applying the health belief model.MATERIALS/METHODS: In August 2018, a self-administered online survey was conducted on a sample of parents of children aged 3 to 5 years living in the Seoul and Gyeonggi area. A total of 248 respondents were analyzed via descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s multiple comparison test, Pearson correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: The eating behaviors of preschool children significantly differed based on parents’ education level and monthly income (P < 0.01). Among the factors of the health belief model, “perceived benefit” had the highest score at 4.37 points. The multiple regression analysis confirmed that parents’ “self-efficacy” raised the NQ-P scores (β = 0.175, P< 0.05), balance scores (β = 0.204, P < 0.01), and environment scores of preschool children (β = 0.149,P < 0.05). The study results showed that if parents are educated on healthy eating habits and their level of self-efficacy for healthy eating practices increases, the formation of correct eating behaviors for preschool children is more likely. CONCLUSION This study provides preliminary data to develop an education program for parents to understand proper eating behaviors for their children and may help form healthy eating habits and encourage the healthy growth of preschool children.

PURPOSE: This study examines the difference of optimism, self-esteem and depression to verify an effect of laughter therapy program for menopausal women. METHODS: A quasi-experimental nonequivalent control group pre / post-test design was used. The participants (n=57) were 28 in the experimental group and 29 in the control group. The data were collected in December of 2011. The experimental group participated in laughter therapy for 30 min per session, five times a week for the period of 2 weeks. The questionnaires were used to measure pre / post-test optimism, self-esteem, and depression of menopausal women. RESULTS: The results showed that laughter therapy was effective in increasing optimism (p=.020) and self-esteem (p<.001). And the depression of menopausal women decreased (p=.003). CONCLUSION: The result of the study indicates that laughter therapy for menopausal women may be an effective nursing intervention to improve optimism, self-esteem and depression of menopausal women.
Depression ; Female ; Humans ; Laughter ; Laughter Therapy ; Menopause ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Pulmonary function testing (PFT) is an important and fundamental method in the evaluation and treatment of respiratory diseases. Airway responsiveness assessed using histamine or methacholine by PFT is meaningful for the diagnosis of asthma. Spirometry is simple, and has been the most commonly used technique. However, in younger or uncooperative children, other commercially available tools such as impulse oscillometry (IOS), gas dilution, and plethysmography have been used. IOS is a noninvasive method that allows the measurement of airway mechanics (resistance [R] and reactance [X]) with minimal patient cooperation. Functional residual capacity (FRC) is one of the most important measurements obtained by gas dilution. Plethysmography is a gold standard to measure airway resistance and useful for lung function testing in infants. The purpose of this review is to help pediatric physicians being familiar with PFT techniques used in young children by discussing their principles, clinical applications, limitations, and current accessibility in Korea.
Airway Resistance ; Asthma ; Child* ; Diagnosis ; Functional Residual Capacity ; Histamine ; Humans ; Infant ; Korea ; Lung* ; Mechanics ; Methacholine Chloride ; Oscillometry ; Patient Compliance ; Plethysmography ; Respiratory Function Tests ; Spirometry

We present a case of erosive adenomatosis of the nipple in a 22-year-old woman. The clinical features of erosive adenomatosis of the nipple are similar to Paget's disease in that it has erythematous erosions with oozing and fissured crusts on one nipple. However, histologic findings are characteristic, consisting of dilated tubular structures that are lined by a peripheral layer of cuboidal cells and a luminal layer of columnar cells showing secretary properties into the lumen. The clinical course is benign, so simple mastectomy is enough for treatment.
Female ; Humans ; Mastectomy, Simple ; Nipples* ; Phenobarbital ; Young Adult

The common split-gilled mushroom, Schizophyllum commune is found throughout the world on woody plants. This study was initiated to evaluate conditions for favorable vegetative growth and to determine molecular phylogenetic relationship in twelve different strains of S. commune. A suitable temperature for mycelial growth was obtained at 30degrees C. This mushroom grew well in acidic conditions and pH 5 was the most favorable. Hamada, glucose peptone, Hennerberg, potato dextrose agar and yeast malt extract were favorable media for growing mycelia, while Lilly and glucose tryptone were unfavorable. Dextrin was the best and lactose was the less effective carbon source. The most suitable nitrogen sources were calcium nitrate, glycine, and potassium nitrate, whereas ammonium phosphate and histidine were the least effective for the mycelial growth of S. commune. The genetic diversity of each strain was investigated in order to identify them. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of rDNA were amplified using PCR. The size of the ITS1 and ITS2 regions of rDNA from the different strains varied from 129 to 143 bp and 241 to 243 bp, respectively. The sequence of ITS1 was more variable than that of ITS2, while the 5.8S sequences were identical. A phylogenetic tree of the ITS region sequences indicated that the selected strains were classified into three clusters. The reciprocal homologies of the ITS region sequences ranged from 99 to 100%. The strains were also analyzed by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) with 20 arbitrary primers. Twelve primers efficiently amplified the genomic DNA. The number of amplified bands varied depending on the primers used or the strains tested. The average number of polymorphic bands observed per primer was 4.5. The size of polymorphic fragments was obtained in the range of 0.2 to 2.3 kb. These results indicate that the RAPD technique is well suited for detecting the genetic diversity in the S. commune strains tested.
Agar ; Agaricales ; Calcium ; Calcium Compounds ; Carbon ; DNA ; DNA, Ribosomal ; Genetic Variation ; Glucose ; Glycine ; Histidine ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Lactose ; Nitrates ; Nitrogen ; Peptones ; Phosphates ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Potassium ; Potassium Compounds ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ; Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique ; Schizophyllum ; Solanum tuberosum ; Sprains and Strains ; Yeasts

This study investigated the intake of alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages in college students. Five hundred and eighty seven students age 19-30 (432 male and 155 female) responded to the beverage consumption survey. Of the students 19.9% were freshman, 42.2% sophomore, 23% junior, and 15% seniors. Results are summarized as follows : 1) Beer and soju were the most commonly consumed alcoholic beverages by the college students. The amount of beverage normally consumed was 3 cans of beer or 1 bottle of soju. 2) There was no age related change in amount of alcoholic beverage consumed, but preference for liquor rather than beer increased with age. 3) Foods most commonly consumed prior to drinking were cooked rice and milk. 4) Following the drinking of alcoholic beverages the most commonly consumed food or beverage was cold water for both males and females. The next most commonly foods were cooked rice, instant noodles, and cola for males ; and cooked rice, milk, and fruit for females. 5) Cola and pear juice were the preferred non-alcoholic beverages for college students. Also popular among students were date juice for males and orange juice for females. Milk and non-cola carbonated beverages were not commonly consumed. This study provides information for the identification of possible alcoholic beverage related public health risks among college students.
Alcoholic Beverages ; Alcoholics* ; Beer ; Beverages* ; Carbonated Beverages ; Citrus sinensis ; Cola ; Drinking ; Female ; Fruit ; Humans ; Jeollanam-do* ; Male ; Milk ; Public Health ; Pyrus ; Water

Myxofibrosarcoma represents one of the most common soft tissue sarcomas of the extremities in adult and elderly patients. However, it only rarely occurs in the chest wall. A 58 years old woman presented with a huge painless lump (8x6.5 cm) in the right lower parasternal area which recurred a few months following excision from General surgery of our hospital. Histology showed an infiltrative deep seated dermal and subcutaneous tumor. It had a distinctive lobular growth pattern with prominent myxoid change and moderate cellularity. Tumor cells were spindle-shaped with varying degrees of pleomorphism and frequent mitotic figures. Numerous blood vessels with curvilinear growth pattern were also seen. Immunostains for S-100, CD68, Mac 387, and FX IIIa were all negative, but positive for Vimentin. The histologic feature was of an intermediate grade myxofibrosarcoma. Wide excision was performed and recovered in good condition without any physical disabilities and was discharged at one month later. Currently she is waiting for the skin graft without chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
Adult ; Aged ; Blood Vessels ; Drug Therapy ; Extremities ; Female ; Fibrosarcoma ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Radiotherapy ; Sarcoma ; Skin ; Thoracic Wall* ; Thorax* ; Transplants ; Vimentin

To investigate how the beverage consumption of middle school students are different in some respects; favorite kinds, drinking time and so on. 579 middle school students in Jeonju were participated in this study. This study shows the frequency of drinking beverage and the correlation between the frequency and the various factors to have effects on the frequency. The students usually drink water 8.55 times, milk or yogurt 3.01 times, sport beverage 2.13 times, soft drink 1.93 times, and fruit and vegetable juice 1.85 times for one week. The boy students prefer more soft or sport drink to the girl students. However the drinking of other beverages such as water, milk, juice, traditional ones don't have any meaningful differences between the boys and the girls. The students drink water mostly when they have meals. And the second consuming beverage is milk at table. It explains the students who drink more milk than water with bread. There is a big difference according to their excercise frequency. The students who excercise regularly or excercise over 3 hours drink more soft or sport drink and milk or yogurt than the students who exercise less than 1 hour. The beverages are firstly needed during the exercise because they sweat. And the second beverage time is when they have snacks and when they take a break. It should be suggested that nutrition education targeted to middle school students and their parents should encourage limited consumption of soft drinks. Therefore, policies that limit students' access to soft drinks at schools should be promoted.
Beverages* ; Bread ; Carbonated Beverages ; Drinking ; Education ; Female ; Fruit ; Humans ; Jeollabuk-do* ; Male ; Meals ; Milk ; Parents ; Snacks ; Sports ; Sweat ; Vegetables ; Water ; Yogurt