The purpose of this study was to examine the donators' characteristics and donative foods of both government-dominant and non-governmental food bank program, to understand the problems and benefits of food bank program, and to find the solutions to activate food bank program. The questionnaires were distributed to 120 food bank operators and 3 donators were selected from each food bank for the survey from April 2002 to May 2002. 118 sheets (32.8%) from government-dominant food bank and 53 sheets (20.1%) from non-governmental food bank were collected. The main results of this study were as follows: The largest donators to either government-dominant or non-governmental food bank programs were bakery and confectionery companies 31.4% and 45.3% respectively. The majority of donated foods were "goods in stock" (55.6%) and frequency of donation were largely on a daily basis (27.1% for government-dominant and 22.6% for non-governmental). Some of the donators who had more donative food did not donate, and the reasons were closeness to expiration date of food (67.3%), lack of legal protection in the event of food poisoning (54.5%), and poor public image of food related accidents (52.3%).
Foodborne Diseases

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to compare dietary habits, perception, and consumption frequency of fast foods between part-time working youths at fast food restaurants and those at other food-related services. METHODS: The study subjects were part-time working youths in 13 fast food restaurants (n = 118) and in 25 other places including bakeries, cafes, convenience stores, and other restaurants (n = 115) in Cheongju. Demographic characteristics, dietary habits, perception regarding fast foods, and consumption frequencies of food groups and fast foods were assessed using a self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: Female youths working at fast food restaurants had unhealthier dietary habits, such as meal skipping and night snacking compared to those working at other places. Consumption frequencies of fruits in males and beans/bean products in females working at fast food restaurants were significantly lower than those working at other places. Perception score on fast foods was significantly lower in males working at fast food restaurants than in males working at other places. However, the consumption frequencies of hamburgers, pizzas, and a total of six fast foods among both males and females working at fast food restaurants were significantly higher than those working at other places after adjusting for confounding variables including age, status, type of residence, allowance, alcohol, smoking, working hours, and hourly pay. CONCLUSION: Part-time working youths at fast food restaurants had worse dietary habits, such as meal skipping and night snacking, and consumed fast foods more frequently than those working at other places. Interventions for part-time working youths at fast food restaurants may be needed in order to reduce fast food consumption and increase the intake of fruits and vegetables.
Adolescent* ; Chungcheongbuk-do ; Confounding Factors (Epidemiology) ; Fast Foods* ; Female ; Food Habits* ; Fruit ; Humans ; Male ; Meals ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Restaurants* ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Snacks ; Vegetables

Purpose: This study was conducted to examine the effects of an educational program based on mobile SMS and counseling for colonoscopy in elderly people. Methods: The study utilized a non-equivalent control group with a non-synchronized design as a quasiexperimental research. The study subjects consisted of 72 elderly people (36 elderly people in the experimental group and 36 in the control group). Among the subjects, 49 were male (68.1%) and 23 were female (31.9%), and the age was 69.04± 6.14 years. Fortyfive subjects (62.5%) answered that they had underlying diseases, eight subjects (11.1%) had a family history of colon disease, and 61 subjects (84.7%) had undergone a colonoscopy. The experimental group was provided with an educational program based on mobile SMS and counseling when three days and one day before the test. The control group received verbal explanations using information sheet. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Chi-squares test, and the independent t-test with SPSS/WIN 21.0. Results Significant differences were found in bowel cleanliness scores (t= 3.60, p= .003) between the groups. No significant differences were seen between the groups in the sedation drug dosage (propofol (t= 1.02, p= .730), midazolam (t= 0.66, p= .380)) and time for colonoscopy (t= 1.08, p= .235). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, an educational program based on mobile SMS and counseling for colonoscopy was proposed as an educational program before colonoscopy.

Hesperidin, which is the most abundant flavonoid of Citrus unshiu (Rutaceae), has been reported to possess diverse activities and widely used as functional foods and cosmetics. For the development of functional products, extraction procedure is indispensable. Extraction conditions affect the composition of extract as well as its biological activity. Therefore, we tried to optimize extraction conditions such as extraction solvent, extraction time and extraction temperature for maximum yield of hesperidin using response surface methodology with threelevel-three-factor Box-Behnken design (BBD). Regression analysis showed a good fit of the experimental data and the optimal condition was obtained as ethanol concentration, 59.0%; temperature 71.5degrees C and extraction time, 12.4 h. The hesperidin yield under the optimal condition was found to be 287.8 microg per 5 mg extract, which was well matched with the predicted value of 290.5 microg. These results provides optimized extraction condition for hesperidin and might be useful for the development of hesperidin as functional products like health supplements, cosmetics and medicinal products.
Citrus* ; Ethanol ; Functional Food ; Hesperidin*

Capsule endoscopy (CE) provides a minimally invasive examination of the entire small intestine, and is the preferred procedure for evaluation of patients with GI bleeding of unknown origin. Even though the FDA approved its use for pediatric patients between 10 and 18 years old in January 2004, little information is available regarding the effectiveness of CE in the younger pediatric population (below 6 years old) because of safety issues. A 42-month child with recurrent melena was referred to evaluate the cause of gastrointestinal bleeding. Despite extensive evaluation, including EGD, colonoscopy, a small bowel series, and Meckel's scan, the bleeding source was not identified. Finally, wireless CE demonstrated angiodysplasia on the mucosa of proximal jejunum. This is the first pediatric case of endoscopy-assisted CE under intravenous sedation without endotracheal intubation in Korea.
Angiodysplasia ; Capsule Endoscopy ; Child ; Colonoscopy ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Intestine, Small ; Intubation, Intratracheal ; Jejunum ; Korea ; Melena ; Mucous Membrane ; Preschool Child

The purpose of this study was to investigate the operational characteristics of the contract-managed highschool foodservice and to analyze the factors to effect the menu price. The data was collected from 249 highschools in Seoul. The results are as follows; Those surveyed highschools were established as 1 national, 74 public, and 174 private institution. Highschools were classified as 176 academic, 66 vocational, and 7 specific purposed institution. Students were organized as 70 boys', 23 girls', and 41 coeducational highschools. Most highschool started contract-managed highschool foodservice from 1999 and the period of foodservice contract was most 3 years and the operation styles in food distribution were 96 classrooms, 105 dining halls and 17 classrooms combined dining halls. The scale of contract foodservice management companies was 63.1% small and medium and 36.9% large enterprises. The surveyed highschools had the average meal price 2,141 won per meal and they had 1,518 pupils on the register. The participating rate to the foodservice was 68.5%. The facilities investment cost of the contract foodservice management company was 179,204,230 won for private institutions and was 138,119,010 won for national&public institutions. The period of the contract was 3.22 years in private institutions, which was significantly higher than national&public institutions which showed 2.85 years. The commissary foodservice schools had higher facilities investment cost than conventional foodservice schools. Classrooms foodservice had higher participating foodservice rate than Dining halls. The investment cost for facilities showed high in order of girls', boys', and coeducational high schools, and the number on the register and the number participating in the foodservice showed high in order of boys', girls', and coeducational high schools. The number on the register showed the highest in academic and vocational schools, specific purposed institutions in sequence, and the number participating in the foodservice showed high in order of academic schools, specific purposed institutions and vocational. However, the participating foodservice rate showed high in specific purposed institution, academic and vocational schools in order, and the meal price, the investment cost for facilities showed high in specific purposed institution, academic and vocational schools in sequence. Regionally, the district south of Han river had the average meal price 2,266.13 won, which showed higher in the eastern part which had 2,033.33 won. The western part had the average investment cost for facilities of 233,331,060 won, and the central district 126,137,140 won. The number on the register showed 1845.68 in the eastern part and 1308.00 in Dong-Jak area, that had clear differences among areas. When the period of the contract went longer, the investment cost for facilities had a tendency to increase. The significant differences were existed among meal price, the investment cost for facilities, the number on the register, the number participating in the foodservice, and the participating foodservice rate. The investment cost for facilities had increased according to the number participating in the foodservice and the participating foodservice rate. And the large enterprises showed higher participating foodservice rate than the small and medium enterprises.
Costs and Cost Analysis ; Humans ; Investments ; Meals ; Pupil ; Rivers ; Seoul*

No abstract available.
Occupational Health*

A 34-year-old female underwent emergency cesarean section with general anesthesia. The patient was a para 1-0-0-1, referred at 39 weeks in labor with known severe aortic stenosis due to a bicuspid aortic valve. She has been treated with digoxin and furosemide for 5 years. At first, she tried a normal spontaneous vaginal delivery, but dyspnea was aggravated during delivery, so an emergency operation was decided. Anesthesia was induced using ketamine 80 mg, fentanyl 50 microgram and vecuronium 6 mg and maintained with 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen. After fetal delivery and infusion of oxytocin, the systolic blood pressure decreased to 60 mmHg or less, so we injected phenylephrine 100 microgram bolus. However, the blood pressure did not increase, so we injected phenylephrine continuously ( 0.5 microgram/kg/ min). One month postpartum, echocardiography was done. The left ventricle-aortic pressure gradient was 140 mmHg, so the cardiologist recommended an aortic valve replacement operation. She refused the operation and has been medicated with digoxin and furosemide up to date.
Adult ; Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General* ; Aortic Valve ; Aortic Valve Stenosis* ; Bicuspid ; Blood Pressure ; Cesarean Section* ; Digoxin ; Dyspnea ; Echocardiography ; Emergencies* ; Female ; Fentanyl ; Furosemide ; Humans ; Ketamine ; Nitrous Oxide ; Oxygen ; Oxytocin ; Phenylephrine ; Postpartum Period ; Pregnancy ; Vecuronium Bromide

Although the incidence of extrapyramidal reactions associated with metoclopramide has been reported to be approximately 0.2%, such reactions are rare in the anesthetic field. Several anesthetic adjuvants, including ondansetron and pregabalin, have also been associated with extrapyramidal side effect. Here, the authors report the case of a 47-year-old patient, previously administered pregabalin and ondansetron, who developed extrapyramidal side effects after a single injection of metoclopramide (10 mg) in a post-anesthesia care unit.
Adjuvants, Anesthesia ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid ; Humans ; Incidence ; Metoclopramide ; Middle Aged ; Ondansetron ; Pregabalin

PURPOSE: Tetanus is difficult for emergency physician to diagnosis at an early stage because of its low incidence and atypical initial clinical features. Therefore, we reviewed the clinical features of 54 tetanus cases and attempted to identify factors associated with prognosis in order to improve early diagnosis and treatment. METHODS: We carried out a retrospective chart review of 54 adult tetanus patients who presented to the ED of Chonnam National University Hospital between January 1996 and December 2005. We collected information on demographics, SAPS II score, clinical feature, course of infection and prognosis. We divided the patients to two groups according to the survival and compared their data statistically. RESULTS: Fifty four patients, 33 men and 21 women, were included in the study. The mean age was 50.97+/-15.95. The most common initial diagnosis in ED were electrolyte imbalance (n=15), neck and facial dystonia (n=9). The mean incubation period was 10.27+/-6.47 days. The initial SPAS II score 17.29+/-8.45 and the Wood score was 3.12 +/-1.47. Most commonly symptom was dyspnea and dysarthria. Twenty one patients were supported by mechanical ventilation, and the duration of mechanical ventilation was 5.92+/-4.52 days. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, four variables were found to be associated with the prognosis: incubation period, Wood score, Time interval from initial symptom to mechanical ventilation, initial SAPS II. CONCLUSION: Four variables correlated well with the prognosis: Incubation period, Wood score, Time interval from initial symptom to mechanical ventilation, initial SAPS II score.
Adult ; Demography ; Diagnosis ; Dysarthria ; Dyspnea ; Dystonia ; Early Diagnosis ; Emergencies* ; Emergency Service, Hospital* ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Jeollanam-do ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Neck ; Prognosis ; Respiration, Artificial ; Retrospective Studies ; Tetanus* ; Wood