Liver perfusion technique has been used in drug study for many decades. Liver perfusion has outstanding advantages over other techniques, such as isolated hepatocytes, hepatic cell lines, and hepatocyte membrane vesicles.It is an ideal experimental model used in drug metabolism, drug-drug interactions, and pharmacokinetic studies. Liver perfusion technique, its advantages or disadvantages, and its extensive applications have been reviewed.

Objective To investigate the current situation of clinical practice mode of intensive care unit specialist nurses in Chongqing city, and to provide reference for the construction of standardized clinical practice mode of intensive care unit specialist nurses. Methods A self-designed questionnaire was used to investigate and analyze the 509 students who participated in the training of intensive care unit nurses in Chongqing city. Results Clinical practice time was 2 months, the practice base could meet the clinical practice needs of clinical nurses, clinical practice and assessment methods were varied, but the time arrangement was not reasonable (6.67%, 29/435), the practice content lacked the pertinence (5.52%, 24/435), the teaching method was not reasonable (2.76%, 12/435), the teacher capital was not qualified (1.38%, 6/435) and so on. Conclusions The clinical practice base and teaching staff needs to be improved, and the clinical practice pattern of intensive care unit specialist nurses is good, but the ability to recognize it is not in place. Should be guided by the needs of nurses, under the supervision of the health department, construction of training bases, training in line with the requirements of clinical teachers, strengthen the ability of students to understand, to help study the clinical application of knowledge and skills.

Objective To investigate the species and drug resistance of pathogens causing bloodstream infections in hospitalized patients,and provide scientific evidence for antimicrobial use and control of healthcare-associated blood-stream infection.Methods From January 1 to December 31,2012,16 428 blood specimens were performed blood culture,pathogens were isolated and performed antimicrobial susceptibility testing.Results Of 16 428 blood speci-mens from 5 546 patients,384 (6.92%)were positive for blood culture,398 pathogenic isolates were detected,of which gram-positive bacteria,gram-negative bacteria,and fungi accounted for 23.62% (n=94),68.34% (n=272),and 8.04% (n=32)respectively,positive rate of blood culture were highest in 61-80 age group(8.26%), the top five departments of positive rate of blood culture were departments of burn,traditional Chinese medicine, cardiac intensive care unit,transplantation and traumatology;gram-positive cocci were highly susceptible to vanco-mycin,teicoplanin and linezolid,one Enterococcus faecium strain was found to be resistant to vancomycin;Among gram-negative bacilli,Enterobacteriaceae were highly susceptible to amikacin and carbapenems;drug resistance rates of Acinetobacterbaumannii and Pseudomonasaeruginosa to carbapenems was 70.97% and 35.90% respective-ly.Conclusion Gram-negative bacteria are the major pathogens causing bloodstream infection,positive rate of blood culture of elderly people is high.It is necessary to conduct regular surveillance on distribution and drug resistance of pathogens.

BACKGROUND: Changes of elastic fibers in middle cerebral artery(MCA)is close related withthe aged cerebrovascular disease.OBJECTIVE: To observe the changes of elastic fibers of MCA in different aging rats.DESIGN: A descriptive and controlled study based on experimental animals.SETTING: Department of anatomy and central laboratory in a university.MATERIALS: Totally 36 healthy Wistar rats with either gender, weighing 200 - 280 g, were selected from the Animal Institute of the third medical military university of Chongqing[certification SCXX (army) 2002-007].INTERVENTIONS: Changes of elastic fibers of MCA of different aging rats were observed with light microscope, transmission electron microscope and image analysis system. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ①) Major outcome: changes of elastic lamella in MCA of different aging rats; ②) Secondary outcome: ultramicrostructural changes of internal lamella under the transmission electron microscope. RESULTS: With the increase of age, the folded extent and quantity of internal elastic lamella were decreased, and the content of elastic fibers were also decreased significantly( P ＜ 0.01 ). However, the ratio of collagen fibers to elastic fibers was increased significantly( P ＜ 0.01 ) . In the aging group above 24 months, the internal elastic lamina thinned, delaminated and disrupted, and the lipid deposited in it. Endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells passed through the internal elastic lamina. CONCLUSION: Changes of elastic fibers may be related with the increased susceptibility to the cerebrovascular disease in aged people.

Background Traction of epiretinal membrane results in macular morphologic change and visual functional impairment in eye with idiopathic epiretinal membrane (IERM),therefore figuring out their relationship is helpful for evaluation of disease prognosis.Objective This study was to observe the morphological change of macula and microstructure,and analyze the relationship between retina thickness,integrity of cone outer segment tips (COST) line in fovea and visual acuity.Methods This was a retrospective case-observational study.Fifty-six consecutive cases diagnosed as IERM in Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center from March 2011 to December 2011 were enrolled in this study,and all the patients showed unilateral IERM with the normal fellow eyes.Sixteen patients were males and 40 were females,with a mean age of (61.05 ± 6.58) years old.Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) examination was performed on the eyes,and Macular Cube (512×128) and HD 5 Line program were selected.Mean retinal thickness of central area (＜1 mm diameter),inner ring area (1-3 mm diameter) and outer ring area (＞3-6 mm diameter) of macula and the status of COST line (intact or fractured) was recorded.Mean thickness of whole macular areas and the difference of foveal microstructure were compared,and the correlation between retinal thickness and visual acuity was analyzed using Pearson linear correlation analysis.Related parameters including age,visual acuity,retinal thickness were also compared between the continuous COST lines group and the fractured COST lines group by independent sample t test.Results The flatted or disappeared fovea was seen in IERM eyes on the SD-OCT image.Retinal thicknesses were (446±89)μm,(418±64)μm and (328±34)ttm in the central area,inner ring area and outer ring area of macula in the IERM eyes,exhibiting significant increasing in comparison with (250±22) μm,(319±17) μm and (279±17) μm in the normal fellow eyes (t=13.370,9.523,7.769,all P =0.000).Significantly negative correlations were found between the visual acuity and the central macular thickness,inner ring thickness or outer ring thickness (r=-0.686,-0.653,-0.417,P＜0.05).In the IERM eyes,COST band was intact in 20 eyes and lack in 36 eyes.Compared with COST band intact group,aging,worse vision and increased retinal thickness were seen in the COST band absent group (t =2.109,P =0.039 ; t =-4.093,P =0.000 ; t =6.669,P=0.000;t=5.376,P=0.000;t=4.247,P=0.000).COST band was clear in all the normal fellow eyes on the SD-OCT image.Conclusions Increase of macular thickness and disruption of COST band reflect the visual function damage in IERM eye.Deficiency of COST band on OCT image seems to be an early indication of photoreceptor damage.Incomplete fovea COST band is often seen in older patients.

Objective To determine a possible role for Clara cell secretary protein(CCSP)during acute RSV infection.Method CCSP-deficient [CCSP (-/-)]and wild-type (WT) mice were intratracheally infected with RSV and the lung inflammatory response to RSV infection were assessed.Results RSV-F gene expression increased in the lungs of CCSP (-/-) mice compared to WT mice following RSV infection, consistent with increased viral persistence. Lung inflammation was significantly worsened in CCSP (-/-) mice compared to WT mice after RSV infection. Th2 cytokines and neutrophil chemokines increased in the lungs of CCSP (-/-) mice following RSV infection.Conclusion These findings suggest that lack of CCSP may promote the inflammatory and Th2 immune response to RSV infection.

BACKGROUND: As the first long-acting atypical antipsychotics, the therapeutic effect and safety of risperidone microsphere have been proved. However, it may lead to serious pain due to the deep intramuscular injection.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the pain levels by 12-week injection of rispeddone microsphere and to explore the relationship among dose and times of injection of risperidone microsphere and pain levels.METHODS: A total of 57 patients diagnosed as schizoprenia by DSM-Ⅳ, aged 18-65 years, were selected and injected risperidone microsphere once every 2 weeks with doses of 25, 37.5 and 50 mg. The pain levels were evaluated using 100 mm visual analogue scale during injection and at the injected sites. The effects of injected dose, injected frequency and injected sites on the pain were analyzed by the nurse questionnaire.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The pain levels among the different doses groups had no notable differences (F=1.35,P> 0.05), which demonstrated that the pain had no relationship with injected dose. However, the pain level of injected sites had correlation to injected doses. The pain level of the 50 mg group was greater than that of the 37.5 and 25 mg groups. Accordingly,patients who treated by high dose of risperidone microsphere should be intervened by nurses.

Objective:To investigate association between loneliness and depressive episode among rural older people.Methods:A total of 839 rural adults (aged over 60 years) from Liuyang in Hunan were enrolled by using multi-stage cluster sampling method.The Short-form of the UCLA Loneliness Scale,the Social Support Rating Scale,the Life Events Scale for the Elderly,Quality of Life Scale,and the Activity of Daily Living Scale were used to assess loneliness,the social support condition,the stimulating quantity of negative life events,the quality of life,and the abilities of daily life activities,respectively.The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-Ⅳ-TR Axis I Disorders questionnaire survey was performed by a face-to-face interview.Results:The prevalence rate of depressive episode among the rural older people was 6.8％.Multivariable analysis showed that the elderly who were with stronger loneliness were the risk factor of depression (OR=1.126,95％CI 1.038 to 1.221).Conclusion:Loneliness is positively associated with an increased risk of depressive episode.

Objective To investigate the effects of leflunomide(A77 1726) on the proliferation and apoptosis of human keratinocytes. Methods Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) of HaCaT cells was analyzed with crystal violet staining and immunohistochemistry. The moiphological change was assessed with hematoxylin and eosin staining. The changes of cell cycle and apoptosis rate were measured by flow cytome-try. Result Epidermal proliferation was inhibited by leflunomide, at concentration 5 ?mol/L or more, which was begun after 24 hrs and manifested by PCNA positive cell decreasing. With the increasing of time or dosage, the anti- proliferation effect of leflunomide was significant. Meanwhile, the PCNA positive cell de-creased respectively. There was no PCNA positive cell while the drug concentration achieved 200 ?mol/L. Therefore, leflunomide significantly inhibited the proliferation of HaCaT cells in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. The morphological change and cell cycle change was found but no change of apoptosis rate was measured. Conclusion Leflunmide can inhibit the proliferation of HaCaT cell, without the effect on its apoptosis.

Adolescent ; Bilirubin ; metabolism ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Duodenogastric Reflux ; metabolism ; Esophageal pH Monitoring ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Stomach ; physiopathology