PURPOSE: The study has planned to find out the perceived social support of the families with pneumoconiosis patients. METHOD: The subjects of the study were the 300 family care givers of the pneumoconiosis patients who were hospitalized in Taeback, Donghae and Jeongsun Occupational Medical Center. The Social Support Survey Instrument developed by Park(1985) was adopted. RESULTS: The Direct Perceived Supports showed statistically differences by the age(F=1.70 p=0.01) and the state of the disease(F=3.09 p=0.027) of the patients. The Health Situation Centered Support was different by the marietal situation(F=2.29 p=0.48) of the pneumoconiosis patients. The Indirect Perceived Supports were statistically different by sex(t=3.76 p=0.043) and relation with the patient (F=2.49 p=0.048), group joining(t=3.79 p=0.042) of the family care givers. The DPSs were statistically different by family income(F=2.25 p=0.025), family authority(F=2.81 p=0.031) and health insurance status(F=2.13 p=0.026). RECOMMENDATION: It is recommended to develop an active social support program at the pneumoconiosis care centers for the middle aged female family care givers of the pneumoconiosis patients with the support of Ministry of Labor, Ministry of Health and Welfare and other NGOs of pneumoconiosis.
Caregivers ; Female ; Gangwon-do ; Humans ; Insurance, Health ; Middle Aged ; Pneumoconiosis*

The purpose of the study was to analyze the risk factors of school accidents. The study subjects were 408 students of a middle school in a municipal city. Among them, 204 students who met with an accident and received first-aid treatment in school health room at any time from March 2 to July 15, 1999, were selected as the school accident group. And the remaining 204 students were cases' matched control, who had never been experienced any school accident from elementary school days to July 15, 1999, For data collection, the structured questionnaire, and interview were adopted. The findings of this study were as below: There were significant differences personal and familial characteristics residential form(p=0.04); active disposition (p=0.02); impatient disposition(p=0.02); family environment(p=0.01); and father image(p=0.00), and the school life characteristics; achievement(p=0.00); observance of school order(p=0.00); school adjustment(p=0.00), the health characteristics; school health room(p=0.00); medical institute they usually used(p=0.00); sleeping hours(p=0.03); bath or shower(p=0.01); hand washing(p=0.04), and wearing glasses(p=0.02), and the characteristics of accident disposition; accident experience(p=0.00); the characteristics of accident disposition(p=0.00). Multiple logistic analysis were showed that religion, adaption to school life and school accomplishment were the significant predictors to school accident prevalence. To reduce school accident, accident-prevention program should be developed practically and concretely in consideration of student's personal characteristics. In addition, accident-prevention education should be implemented under the link between home and school, so that students could prevent accident for themselves.
Baths ; Case-Control Studies* ; Data Collection ; Education ; Fathers ; Hand ; Humans ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors* ; School Health Services ; Surveys and Questionnaires

This article summarizes the era from when Paul Broca had first introduced his aphasia case study and theory in 1861 to clinical-neuroanatomical approach which was widely known until early twentieth century. The article also comprises the cognitive-neuropsychological approach which appeared after the cognitive revolution in 1956. It investigated and compared the definition, classification method and the primary research object of aphasia in the perspectives of clinical-neuroanatomical approach and cognitive-neuropsychological approach. Each approach has its own advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, it is inappropriate to only support for a certain approach but better if two approaches are incorporated together and used effectively in certain situations. In order for the best research and treatment for the aphasic patients, clinical practitioners who prefer clinical-neuroanotomical approach and researchers who prefer cognitive-neuropsychological approach should participate together to incorporate the two approaches.

Bruxism is a diurnal or nocturnal parafunctional activity that includes tooth clenching, bracing, gnashing, and grinding. The dopaminergic system seems to be the key pathophysiology of bruxism and diminution of dopaminergic transmission at the prefrontal cortex seems to induce it. We report two patients with diurnal bruxism in whom a bilateral frontal lobe injury resulted from hemorrhagic stroke or traumatic brain injury. These patients' bruxism was refractory to bromocriptine but responded to low-dose metoclopramide therapy. We propose that administering low doses of metoclopramide is possibly a sound method for treating bruxism in a brain injury patient with frontal lobe hypoperfusion on positron emission tomography imaging.
Braces ; Brain Injuries* ; Brain* ; Bromocriptine ; Bruxism* ; Frontal Lobe ; Humans ; Metoclopramide* ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Prefrontal Cortex ; Receptors, Dopamine ; Stroke ; Tooth

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to understand and describe the overcoming experiences of family members caring for elderly patients with dementia at home. METHODS: Data came from autobiographies on the overcoming experiences of caregiving from 31 participants, who had submitted the autobiographies to a public contest held by the Seoul Metropolitan Center for Dementia in 2012. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. RESULTS: Four overcoming stages emerged from the analysis: confronting stage; challenging stage; integrating stage; and transcendental stage, representing transformation of experiences from frustration and suffering to happiness and new hope in life. The confronting stage illustrates severe negative feelings and exhaustion occurring after the diagnosis of dementia. The challenging stage signifies major driving forces in taking good care of their patients. It includes tender loving memories about the patients as well as family and social supports. The integrating stage shows genuine empathy for the patients' situation and the happiness of 'here and now', while the transcendental stage represents new hope in the future. CONCLUSION: Health professionals need to support caregivers to find true meaning of caring and happiness in everyday life, while providing specific information on dementia care and relieving various negative feelings.
*Adaptation, Psychological ; Caregivers/*psychology ; Dementia/*nursing ; Family Relations ; Female ; Home Nursing ; Humans ; Male ; Stress, Psychological ; Writing

The cardiac output and hemodynamic indices were measured by the bioimpedance method using NCCOM; in 21 selected halothane anesthetic cases. The author observed MAP, HR, PFI, EDI, CI and SI changes before and during halothane anesthesia. The results were as follows; The mean values for MAP before and during halothane aneshtesia were observed to be 101.90+/-13.92, 89.67+/-9.22, 96.20+/-12.32, 123.76+/-19.17, 93.24+/-16.27, 90.62 +/-17.15, 96.05 +/-16.06 and 98.38+/-19.60 mmHg. Theae values 1 minute after thiopental injection and 30 minutes after halothane inhalation were significantly devreased compared with the value of preanesthesia(p<0.01 or p<0.05). The value after intubation was significantly increased compared with the value of preanesthesia(p < 0.01). The mean values for HR before and during halothane anesthesia were observed to be 81.86+/-16.79, 85.67+/-10.28, 83.43+/-1l.67, 108.86+/-17.0S, 93.7614.41, 81.05+/-11.02, 105.81+/-133.21 and 78.24+/-1l.59 beat/min. These values after intubation and 5 minutes after pancuronium injection were significantly increased compared with the value of preanesthesia(p<0.01). The mean values for PFI, EF, EDI, CI and SI during halothane anesthesia were(significantly) decreased compared with the value of preanesthesia.
Anesthesia* ; Cardiac Output ; Halothane* ; Hemodynamics* ; Inhalation ; Intubation ; Pancuronium ; Thiopental

PURPOSE: The aim of this research is to examine the abnormal liver function complicated with Kawasaki disease (KD) and to analyze its clinical characteristics and complications. METHODS: Ninty eight cases were diagnosed as having KD, among which thirty four cases had abnormal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (>30 IU/L). These abnormal ALT cases were evaluated in terms of age and sex distribution, major symptoms, complications, laboratory and histopathologic findings. RESULTS: Male to female ratio was 2.4 : 1 and most patients (91.2%) were under 5 years of age. Cervical lymphadenopathy was observed in 3 cases (8.8%); and recurred cases were two (5.8%). Average fever duration was 8 days: average length of hospitalization was 9 days; and average recovery period was 13 days. Immediately after admission, positive CRP was observed in 31 cases (91.2%), leukocytosis (>10,000/mm(3)) in 26 cases (76.0%), thrombocytosis (>450,000/mm(3)) in 7 cases (20.6%), and anemia (<10 gm/dl) in 7 cases (20.6%), respectively. GB hydrops or cholecystitis were noted in 3 cases (8.8%) abnormal ECG finding in 1 case (2.9%), coronary dilatation or aneurysm in 2 cases (5.9%). Liver biopsy was done in four cases and revealed mild infiltration of lymphocytes on the portal area and mild bile duct proliferations. CONCLUSION: The abnormal liver function was noted in 34.7% of KD patients, and subsided all within one month. But the liver function test should be checked closely in patients of the abnormal liver function test complicated with KD despite of its good prognosis.
Alanine Transaminase ; Anemia ; Aneurysm ; Bile Ducts ; Biopsy ; Cholecystitis ; Dilatation ; Edema ; Electrocardiography ; Female ; Fever ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Leukocytosis ; Liver Function Tests ; Liver* ; Lymphatic Diseases ; Lymphocytes ; Male ; Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome* ; Prognosis ; Sex Distribution ; Thrombocytosis

PURPOSE: The annual incidence of breast neoplasms continues to rise, but only a few studies on the risk factors for breast neoplasms in Korea have been conducted. The aim of this study was to analyze the risk factors of breast neoplasms in Korean women using a case-control study. METHODS: The participants in the study were 131 women diagnosed with breast neoplasms at the Department of Surgery, Chonbuk National University Hospital between April 1999 and March 2002. Individually age matched cases were used as the control group. A conditional logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 45.0 years, with 50.38% between 40 and 49 years. After adjustment for potential confounders, a positive family history of breast cancer and breast pain were associated with an increased risk of breast neoplasms (OR=4.916, 95% CI=1.055~22.913; OR=4.308, 95% CI=2.179~8.514). A regular breast examination was associated with breast neoplasms incidience (OR=3.543, 95% CI=1.860~6.751). However, other factors including reproductive factors, were found to exhibit no significant association with breast neoplasms. CONCLUSION: The present study suggests a family history of breast neoplasms, breast pain and a regular breast examination was associated with breast neoplasms incidence in Korean women.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Case-Control Studies* ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Jeollabuk-do ; Korea ; Logistic Models ; Mastodynia ; Odds Ratio ; Risk Factors*

PURPOSE: Incidental resection of parathyroid gland is not uncommon during thyroid surgery and may occur even in experienced thyroid surgeons. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence, risk factors, and clinical relevance of incidental parathyroidectomy during thyroid surgery. METHODS: A retrospective review of patients who underwent thyroid surgery between January and December 2008 was carried out. Pathologic reports were reviewed for the presence of parathyroid tissue in resected thyroid specimen. Two groups of patients were studied: a group with incidental parathyroidectomy (Group A) and without incidental parathyroidectomy (Group B). RESULTS: Three hundred and thirty-four thyroid surgery were performed: 194 total thyroidectomies, 18 near- or subtotal thyroidectomies, 44 lobectomies, 23 endoscopic total thyroidectomies, 55 endoscopic lobectomies. Of these, 265 patients (79.3%) were preformed for malignant disease. Incidental parathyroidectomy occurred in 30.5% (102/334) of thyroid surgery. Risk factors for incidental parathyroidectomy included malignant pathology (P<0.001), operation method (P<0.001), lymph node dissection (P<0.001), and extrathyroidal invasion (P=0.001). Biochemical hypocalcemia was defined as a serum calcium levels less than 8.4 mg/dL. Symptomatic hypocalcemia was defined as patient had tingled sense or spasm of muscle and need to add more calcium replacement. In group A, 86 patients (93.5%) had a biochemical hypocalcemia (P=0.001). Symptomatic hypocalcemia developed in 35.3% (36/102) of group A, compared to 20.7% (48/232) in group B (P=0.005). CONCLUSION: Malignant pathology, total thyroidectomy, lymph node dissection, and extrathyroidal invasion were associated with a significantly higher risk of incidental parathyroidectomy during thyroid surgery. Incidental parathyroidectomy resulted in biochemical and symptomatic postoperative hypocalcemia. This study suggests that incidental parathyroidectomy may be a potential complication; therefore, parathyroid glands should be identified and preserved with more meticulous inspection during thyroid surgery.
Calcium ; Humans ; Hypocalcemia ; Incidence ; Lymph Node Excision ; Methods ; Parathyroid Glands ; Parathyroidectomy* ; Pathology ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors* ; Spasm ; Surgeons ; Thyroid Gland* ; Thyroidectomy

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical features and treatment outcomes of steroid therapy for orbital inflammatory pseudotumor. METHODS: Sixty-four patients diagnosed with orbital inflammatory pseudotumor were reviewed retrospectively. Patients with a follow-up period of less than 6 months were excluded from the study. The pseudotumor was classified into myositic, lacrimal, anterior, diffuse, or apical type according to orbital computed tomography findings. All patients were initially treated with systemic corticosteroids and evaluated for response to the treatment. Treatment outcome was considered a "success" if the patient had complete relief of symptoms with no recurrence, and a "failure" if the patient had no or only partial relief of symptoms or showed relapse. Factors affecting the treatment outcome were analyzed. RESULTS: The most frequent lesion subtype was myositis. Periorbital edema was the most common symptom and was evident in 53.1% of the patients. Thirty-eight patients (59.4%) showed treatment success. Age, sex, bilaterality, and mean follow-up length did not correlate with the treatment outcome. A short interval from symptom onset to treatment time and apical subtype were significantly associated with good steroid response (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In orbital inflammatory pseudotumor, myositis was the most common subtype. A short interval from symptom onset to treatment time and apical subtype were associated with good steroid response.
Adrenal Cortex Hormones ; Edema ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Myositis ; Orbit ; Orbital Pseudotumor ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome