PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to illustrate MR patterns of bone marrow of calvarium and vertebral body in normal subjects according the age distribution and to understand the course of the fatty replacement from red marrow. METHODS AND MATERIAL: We retrospectively evaluated MR examinations of the calvaria(n=71), cervical spine(n=71), thoracic spine(n=65), Imbar spine(n =68) in subjects without bone marrow abnormality whose age ranged 3 weeks to 74 years. Three distinctive patterns were categorized on Tl-weighted images of the skull. In pattern 1, uniformly low signal intensity with or without very small areas of high intensity in frontal and occipital bones is noted. In pattern 2, frontal and occipital bones have uniformly high signal intensity, and patchy area of high intensity appears in parietal bone. In pattern 3, the entire skull has uniformly high signal intensity. In the spine, four patterns were categorized on Tl-weighted MR images. In pattern 1, the vertebral body has uniformly low signal intensity except for linear areas of high intensity superior and inferior to basivertebral vein. In pattern 2, bandlike and triangular areas of high signal intensity are found in the periphery. Pattern 3 and 4 have diffusely distributed areas of high signal intensity; pattern 3 consist of numerous indistinct dots measuring a few millimeter or less, and pattern 4 consist of fairly well marginated areas ranging in size from 5 to 1.5cm. RESULT:In the calvaria, 73% of pattern 1 were younger than 20 years, pattern 2 were evenly distributed, and 86% of pattern 3 were older than 40 years. In the spine, 87% of pattern 1 were younger than 40 years, 72% of pattern 3 were in 40 to 50 years, and 87% of pattern 4 were older than 50 years. Pattern 2 were evenly distributed in the cervical and thoracic spine, but in the thoracic spine 62% were younger than 30 years. CONCLUSION:It is concluded that younger age group shows mainly pattern 1, whereas elderly group has pattern 3 or 4 in the calvarial and vertebral body marrow. This suggests that conversion to fatty marrow begin locally and progress diffusely with age.
Age Distribution* ; Aged ; Bone Marrow* ; Humans ; Occipital Bone ; Parietal Bone ; Retrospective Studies ; Skull* ; Spine ; Veins

An ipsilateral supraclavicular lymph node recurrence of breast cancer after surgery has been considered a predecessor to distant metastases. There still is a debate as to whether breast carcinoma patients with the isolated supraclavicular lymph node recurrence should be considered to have disseminated disease or if aggressive treatment, with curative intent, is justified. We report two cases of an isolated ipsilateral supraclavicular lymph node recurrence following modified radical mastectomy, and multimodality treatments with modified radical neck dissection, systemic chemotherapy and involved field radiotherapy. These patients have lived without locoregional recurrence or distant metastases for 3 and 2 years, respectively. Conclusively, we recommend aggressive combined multimodality treatments, including surgery, such as modified radical neck dissection or complete excision of the involved lymph nodes, systemic chemotherapy, and involved field radiotherapy, in patients with isolated supraclavicular lymph node recurrence, but with no other evidence of distant metastases.
Breast Neoplasms ; Drug Therapy ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; Mastectomy, Modified Radical ; Neck Dissection ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Radiotherapy ; Recurrence

Purpose: This study aims to explore mothers’ experiences of anger while raising a child in South Korea based on a qualitative descriptive approach. Methods: A total of ten mothers of children aged 1-3 years participated in the study. In-depth individual interviews were conducted from August to September 2019 to collect data, which were then subjected to thematic analysis. Results: A total of 4 main themes and 10 subthemes were identified. The 4 themes were “individual and environmental factors that influence anger,” “a vicious cycle of anger expression and guilt,” “being a little bit more mature as a mother,” and “need for anger management.” This study described various causes, ways of expressing, and effects of anger, as well as the mother’s coping strategies. These experiences were viewed as milestones along the journey to becoming a real parent and helped mothers develop empathy for other children and mothers. The participants expressed support for expanding the social support system for child-rearing and providing psychological programs for mothers. Conclusion Mothers of children aged 1-3 years experienced anger owing to various factors, but adapted by developing coping skills. This study recommends family-based support interventions to help mothers manage their emotions and parenting roles.

PURPOSE: This study was done to explore the relationship between aggression and internet over-use, depression-anxiety, self-esteem, all of which are known to be behavior and psychological characteristics linked to "at-risk" children for aggression. METHODS: Korean-Child Behavior Check List (K-CBCL), Korean-Internet Addiction Self-Test Scale, and Self-Esteem Scale by Rosenberg (1965) were used as measurement tools with a sample of 743, 5th-6th grade students from 3 elementary schools in Jecheon city. Chi-square, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation and stepwise multiple regression with SPSS/Win 13.0 version were used to analyze the collected data. RESULTS: Aggression for the elementary school students was positively correlated with internet over-use and depression-anxiety, whereas self-esteem was negatively correlated with aggression. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that 68.4% of the variance for aggression was significantly accounted for by internet over-use, depression-anxiety, and self-esteem. The most significant factor influencing aggression was depression-anxiety. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that earlier screening and intervention programs for depression-anxiety and internet over-use for elementary student will be helpful in preventing aggression.
*Aggression ; Anxiety ; Behavior, Addictive ; Child ; Child Behavior/psychology ; Depression ; Female ; Humans ; Internet ; Male ; Self Concept ; Students/*psychology

No abstract available.
Mucopolysaccharidosis II*

No abstract available.
Mucopolysaccharidosis II*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the cost using different methods of costing nursing activities for patients with chronic otitis media having surgery. METHOD: Data were collected from 30 patients who had mastoidectomy and tympanoplasty. To compare the cost, the researchers used three different costing methods; consumed time, resource based relative value scale (RBRVS), and critical pathway (CP). RESULTS: Twenty-six nursing activities for surgical patients with chronic otitis media were found. Total cost was 83,843.7 won using RBRVS. The costliest activity was recording at 9,734.4 won, followed by confirmation of doctors' orders at 9,302.4 won, and injection with infusion pump at 9,072.0 won. There was a difference in nursing activities performed according to the length of hospital stay, and the cost was highest on the surgery day at 13,417.8 won. Comparatively, the total cost was 72,014.4 won using CP. CONCLUSIONS: Nursing activities are performed in various forms according to the disease and patient's condition, and different nursing activities are executed according to the length of hospital stay. In order to measure the load of nursing activities and distribute it appropriately, it is necessary to analyze the cost of nursing activities by the process of nursing services performed.
Costs and Cost Analysis ; Critical Pathways ; Humans ; Infusion Pumps ; Length of Stay ; Nursing Services ; Otitis ; Otitis Media ; Relative Value Scales ; Tympanoplasty

The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship that adolescent stress perception level has with dietary habits and oral health behaviors in high school students. A survey of high school students in some areas of the Jeollabuk-do province of South Korea was conducted. Five hundred fourteen survey responses were used in the final analysis. As a result of the questionnaire survey, the following conclusions were obtained. The highest stress type was indicated to be academic stress (mean±standard deviation [SD], 3.09±0.89). The next was shown to be home (family) stress (mean±SD, 2.85±0.84). The possibility of using a dental clinic was indicated to be less in girls than boys (p<0.001). Regarding subjective oral health behavior, the possibility of visiting a dental clinic was low in those who thought that their own oral health condition was not good or moderate (p<0.05). Also, it was shown that the higher stress led to the higher possibility of visiting a dental clinic (p<0.01). Students with higher grades had a in the upper ranks were indicated to have high possibility of having a regular meal (p<0.01). Higher stress led to the significantly higher possibility of eating cariogenic food (p<0.01). Students with median grades had a high possibility of eating cariogenic food (p<0.01), while students with higher grades had a low possibility of eating cariogenic food (p<0.05). These resultss show that stress perception level influences dietary habits and oral health behaviors. Thus, there is a need to develop a program in high scholls to promote the physical and mental health of students to relieve stress. Substantial and systematic oral health education is thought to be likely needed to develop desirable dietary habits.
Adolescent* ; Dental Clinics ; Eating ; Education ; Female ; Food Habits* ; Humans ; Jeollabuk-do ; Korea ; Meals ; Mental Health ; Oral Health*

Background: Many countries need help with the problem of an unbalanced distribution of physicians and hospitals. Moreover, various policies and strategies have been proposed to solve this problem. This study aimed to examine the determinants of the unbalanced distribution of physicians. Methods: From the 2020 Korean Physician Survey data, 4,181 physicians practicing in Korea were limited to the subjects of the study. We analyzed the factors influencing physicians’ choice of practice location and their willingness to change their practice location from an urban to a rural area. Results: The region of physicians’ hometown, medical school, and residency training hospitals determined their choice of practice location. The type of affiliated healthcare organization and the location of physicians’ hometown, medical school, and residency training hospitals affected their willingness to change their practice location from an urban to a rural area. Furthermore, the concordance rate of the regions of physicians’ hometown, medical school, and residency training hospitals with the region of their practice location was 24.9%. Conclusion In South Korea, policies for doctors have been designed without considering why they are reluctant to work in rural hospitals. To have a balanced distribution of physicians and hospitals, it is necessary to accurately analyze the status of medical resources based on regions and identify the current and future medical demand. The social situation, such as future demographic change and regional extinction, must also be fully considered. Furthermore, policies should be implemented that encourage physicians to work in rural hospitals.

Purpose: Nursing students are susceptible to medication safety incidents in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) related to a lack of communication experience. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the impact of a NICU medication safety simulation (NMSS) focusing on communication clarity, patient hand-off confidence, and patient safety competency in senior-year nursing students. Methods: The study utilized a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. In total, 60 nursing students were assigned to two groups. The experimental group participated in the NMSS, which included three medication error scenarios. Pairs of students completed the scenarios together in 10 to 20 minutes. Data were analyzed using the chi-squared test, independent t test, and ANCOVA. Results: The experimental group showed significant improvements in communication clarity (p=.015), and patient safety competency (p<.001) compared to the control group. Using the pretest values as covariates, patient hand-off confidence scores significantly increased (p=.027). Conclusion Implementing the NMSS focusing on communication in the pediatric nursing curriculum helped students to communicate clearly and concisely about medication errors, and its use is recommended to promote patient safety competency in the NICU.