PURPOSE: The replacement of functional genes into cells that lack genes or mutant genes is the basis of gene therapy. In cancer, where cells often have multiple genetic defects, the replacement of critical genes may suffice to suppress cell growth or induce cell death. In malignant brain tumors, p53 mutation are among the most frequently observed genetic findings and inactivation p53 suggests that p53 plays a critical role in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Therefore, we study the successful transfer of the wild-type p53 gene using a replicative deficient adenovirus vector into human glioma and medulloblastoma c~ell lines. Meterials and Methods: The human glioma cell line T-98G, U-87MG, U-373MG were used. To determine the efficiency of the adenovirus vector, cell lines were transfected with the Ad-p gal and analysed with X-Gal staining. Cell viability was determined by trypan blue exclusion every day after infection and Westem blot analysis was used to conform the expression of the exogenous p53 protein. RESULTS: Cell growth of the Ad-CMV-p53 infected U-373MG, and U-87MG was significantly suppressed. It appeared that exogenous p53 protein expression had an earlier ad more profound suppressive effect on U-373MG having a mutated p53 gene than on U-87MG having a wild-type p53. The expression of the exogenous p53 was more than 10 times higher than the expression of the endogenous p53. To examine the decreased viability, U-373MG was stained with Hochest 33258 and detected nuclear condensation and apoptic body. Staining results suggest that cells undergo apoptosis. CONCLUSION: The replicative deficient adenoviral vector can transfer and express p53 in human glioma cell lines in vitro, restoring wild-type p53 tumor suppressor functions. The restoration of normal p53-encoded protein in the mutant ceil lines induced cell death. The high expression of the newly transduced protein had different effects on the growth rate of the infected cell lines depending on the p53 status of the cells.
Adenoviridae* ; Apoptosis ; Brain Neoplasms ; Carcinogenesis ; Cell Death ; Cell Line* ; Cell Survival ; Genes, p53 ; Genetic Therapy ; Glioma* ; Humans ; Medulloblastoma ; Trypan Blue

The purpose of this study is to analyze the structural pattern of nurses' pain management with patients who experience pain. As a research method, the Q methodology, which is useful for an objective view of a highly abstract concept, was applied. The data collecting activity of this study was from August, 21st, 2000 to November, 24th 2000. The Q-population, the previous thesis and a literature review were done. Questions about pain management by the nurse on the patients, caregivers, nursing students, doctors, nurses, and others were asked in documentary work and in-depth interviews. In all, 223 units of the Q-population were formed, and the last 35 units of the Q-population were extracted. The data on the P-sample was collected from 41 nurses who worked in the medical and surgical units of a hospital that belonges to C university in Seoul. The research results were constituted in 3 types. Type I was the 'pattern of judging by objectivity'. The statement on which most of the people highly agreed for those patterns was shown by 'If patients said that they are suffering from pain, we sufficiently performed an assessment about the etiology, location, duration and degree'. For type I, the same pain was found in different locations according to the patients, so the etiology of the pain should be identified first place. Since ways of coping are different according to pain etiology, it was thought that it is important to assess sufficiently the pain etiology, location, duration, and degree. Therefore, when patients complain of pain, the pain etiology should be identified and assessed; according to the result, pain management should be performed systematically. Type II was the 'pattern of accepting by subjectivity'. The statement on which most of the people highly agreed for those patterns was shown as 'If patients said that they are suffering from pain, the medical treatment should be performed rapidly and speedily.' For type II, when the patient complains of pain, treatment should be performed quickly in order to prevent the condition getting worse, and it is thought that activity is a reasonable duty. Further, by trying to show empathy after pain is admitted and by understanding and coping rapidly with the pain of patients, an attitude which matched the altruistic morals of nurses is being shown. Type III was the 'pattern of worrying about', and the statement on which most of the people highly agreed for those patterns was shown is 'When there is a pain, to help patients to tolerate the pain to the highest degree.' In type III, the pain is a subjective expression, so there is a difference according to every individual. Therefore, actually if there is no measurement of pain, it could be exaggerated so nurses should help patients to tolerate it to the utmost. Even if there is a way to remove pain without an analgesic drug, nurses were reluctant to perform pain management as they possibly could. Through these research results, pain management of nurses was classified in 3 types, and structural characteristics in each type were discovered. Based upon the characteristics according to the type, an individualized pain management intervention strategy should be established and the follow up work performed.
Caregivers ; Empathy ; Humans ; Morals ; Pain Management* ; Seoul ; Students, Nursing

PURPOSE: Most tissue disruption of extracellular matrix is mediated by extracellular proteinases. Matrix metalloproteinases(MMP) and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases(TIMP) are associated with wound healing and repair. There has been no study done on MMP and TIMP in myocarditis. METHODS: Coxsackie B virus(4,000 plaque forming unit) was injected into Balb/c mice by intraperitoneal injection. Histopathological finding was observed by H-E staining. Immunohistochemical staining was performed using the Labelled Streptavidin Biotin(LSAB) kit for MMP-2, TIMP-2, and Interleukin(IL) 6. The results were compared to the serum levels by ELISA method. RESULTS: MMP-2 was strongly expressed in complicated myocarditis such as calcification, severe fibrosis, thrombosis, or dilated cardiomyopathy compared to normal or uncomplicated myocarditis. TIMP-2 expression was decreased in severe myocarditis. Serum MMP-2 levels were significantly higher in complicated myocarditis, but TIMP-2 levels were significantly lower. There was significant correlation between the grade of immunohistochemical staining and serum MMP-2 or TIMP-2 level by ELISA method. IL-6 was strongly expressed in immunohistochemical staining according to the severity of inflammation. CONCLUSION: There was significant correlation between grade of immunohistochemical staining and serum levels of MMP or TIMP by ELISA method. Accurate estimations of serum MMP and TIMP levels would be useful for the diagnosis and follow up of myocarditis.
Animals ; Cardiomyopathy, Dilated ; Diagnosis ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay* ; Extracellular Matrix ; Fibrosis ; Follow-Up Studies ; Inflammation ; Injections, Intraperitoneal ; Interleukin-6 ; Metalloproteases* ; Mice ; Myocarditis* ; Peptide Hydrolases ; Streptavidin ; Thrombosis ; Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 ; Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases* ; Wound Healing

No abstract available.
Anemia, Aplastic* ; Hepatitis*

No abstract available.
Apgar Score* ; Humans

PURPOSE: Adriamycin is very important in cancer chemotherapy. Unfortunately, the drug shows cumulative dose dependent cardiotoxicity. The precise mechanism of this remains unclear. It has been shown that adriamycin induces programmed cell death or apoptosis in many tissues. But the role of apoptosis in adriamycin induced cardiotoxicity is uncertain. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups of ten animals each. All four groups were given intraperitoneal injections for 4 weeks. The first group was given 0.9% normal saline. The second group was injected twice a week with adriamycin (5mg/kg), the third group with adriamycin (5mg/kg) and L-carnitine (200mg/kg). The fourth group was injected with only L-carnitine. Cell morphology was evaluated by light and electron-microscopy. Apoptosis was detected by labelling nicked ends of DNA fragments using Tunnel staining kit. RESULTS: There was no difference of the left ventricular internal dimension and ventricular septal thickness among the four groups. Apoptosis was significantly increased in the adriamycin treated group compared to the control group (P<0.05). Addition of L-carnitine to adriamycin induced apoptosis compared significantly to apoptosis in the adriamycin only group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Apoptosis may play an important role in adriamycin induced cardiomyopathy. L- carnitine reduces adriamycin induced apoptosis.
Animals ; Apoptosis* ; Cardiomyopathies ; Carnitine* ; Cell Death ; DNA ; Doxorubicin* ; Drug Therapy ; Injections, Intraperitoneal ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Objectives: This study was undertaken to explore correlations between depression, alcohol drinking, psychiatric symptoms, and suicidal ideation, and to identify factors related to suicidal ideation in the mentally ill. Methods: A survey was conducted using a self-reported questionnaire. Data were collected from July to September 2020. The study participants were 212 individuals with various major mental disorders. Results: Depression was found to be positively correlated with alcohol drinking, psychiatric symptoms, and suicidal ideation. Alcohol use was positively correlated with psychiatric symptoms and suicidal ideation, and psychiatric symptoms were positively correlated with suicidal ideation. Factors influencing suicidal ideation included suicidal attempts, psychiatric symptoms, depression, and awareness of the mental health crisis hotline. Multiple regression analysis showed these variables explained 61% of suicidal ideation. Conclusion The study shows that to prevent suicide among the mentally ill, focus should be placed on reducing depression, alcohol drinking, and psychiatric symptoms and improving awareness of the mental health crisis hotline.

No abstract available.
Neuroblastoma*

No Abstract available.
Academic Medical Centers* ; Infection Control*

Although MR imaging is generally applicable to depict knee joint deterioration it, is sometimes occurred to mis-read and mis-diagnose the common knee joint diseases. In this study, we employed magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) method to improve the diagnosis of the various knee joint diseases. Spin-echo (SE) T2-weighted images (TR/TE 3,400-3,500/90?100 ms) were obtained in seven cases of knee joint deterioration, FSE T2-weighted images (TR/TE 4,500-5,000/100?108 ms) were obtained in seven cases of knee joint deterioration, gradient-echo (GRE) T2-weighted images (TR/TE 9/4.56/50degrees flip angle, NEX 1) were obtained in 3 cases of knee joint deterioration, In six cases of knee joint deterioration, fat suppression was performed using a T2-weighted short T1/tau inverse recovery (STIR) sequence (TR/TE =2,894-3,215 ms/70 ms, NEX 3, ETL 9). Calculation of MTR for individual pixels was performed on registration of unsaturated and saturated images. After processing to make MTR images, the images were displayed in gray color. For improving diagnosis, three-dimensional isotropic volume images, the MR tristimulus color mapping and the MTR map was employed. MTR images showed diagnostic images quality to assess the patients' pathologies. The intensity difference between MTR images and conventional MRI was seen on the color bar. The profile graph on MTR imaging effect showed a quantitative measure of the relative decrease in signal intensity due to the MT pulse. To diagnose the pathologies of the knee joint, the profile graph data was shown on the image as a small cross. The present study indicated that MTR images in the knee joint were feasible. Investigation of physical change on MTR imaging enables to provide us more insight in the physical and technical basis of MTR imaging. MTR images could be useful for rapid assessment of diseases that we examine unambiguous contrast in MT images of knee disorder patients.
Knee ; Knee Joint ; Magnets