PURPOSE: This study has a purpose to suggest research and intervention directions for health promoting behaviors (HPB) of the Korean middle-aged in the future. METHODS: Forty four articles on HPB of the Korean middle-aged were reviewed and analyzed. The articles analyzed are theses written for a doctoral or master's degree and published between 1995 and 2007. RESULTS: 1. As for the major characteristics of the subject groups, most of them were between 40 and 60 years old (61.4%), were females (79.5%), and resided in cities (84.1%). 2. The dependent variables adopted were physiological, psychological and cognitive factors (self-efficacy, knowledge of health management, etc.), HPB and factors related to Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile (HPLP). 3. The average scores of HPLP were 1.57~3.08 on a 4-point scale. The highest score was observed in self-actualization, and the lowest score in exercise. 4. Self-efficacy, perceived health status and income had significant correlations with HPB. 5. In regression analysis, self-efficacy, self-esteem and perceived health status were the most powerful predictors. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to develop intervention tools for more diverse HPB of the Korean middle-aged. The interventions are recommended to focus on increasing exercise and to use strategies for improving self-efficacy and self-esteem.
Female ; Health Promotion* ; Humans ; Life Style

Temporomandibular (TM) joint pain results from many etiologic factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of Bone SPECT in patients with TM joint pain. The subjects were 34 patients with TM joint pain. All patients underwent plain radiography, planar bone scan, and Bone SPECT. The intensity of radioisotope uptake at TM joint was graded into three; no increased uptake above three background activity as grade 0, uptake similar to occipital bone as grade I, and uptake similar to maxillary sinus as grade II. Clinical findings and therapeutic methods were reviewed. Twenty-seven patients (80%) out of 34 patients with TM joint pain had increased uptake in bone SPECT. Twenty-one (78%) out of 27 patients had increased uptake in the mandibular condyle and remaining six patients (22%) had uptake in the mandibular and maxillary arch, which proved to be dental problem. Seven patients out of 34 were grade as 0, four (12%) were grade I, 23 (68%) were grade II. Four patients with grade I had clicking sound and symptoms which were subsided with medication in all cases. Among 23 patients with grade II, 7 patients had clicking sound and 14 patients underwent medication and decompression therapy. With Planar bone scan, 11 cases (32%) had increased uptake in TM joint area. Plain radiography revealed narrowing, distension, erosion and limitation of TM joint in 16 cases (47%). Bone SPECT can be valuable for screening and managing the patients with TM joint pain. Patients with grade II needed intensive treatment such as joint aspiration. However degree of the radioisotope uptake did not well correlated with clinical symptoms.
Arthralgia ; Decompression ; Humans ; Joints ; Mandibular Condyle ; Mass Screening ; Maxillary Sinus ; Occipital Bone ; Radiography ; Temporomandibular Joint* ; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon*

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to identify awareness levels in regard to preconception care and gender differences targeting single undergraduate students in their 20s. METHODS: The study participants were 867 single undergraduate students aged 20~29 (523 women, 344 men). This was a descriptive research, in which awareness levels of preconception care and pregnancy were identified the through questionnaire surveys. RESULTS: Gender differences in the awareness of reproductive care before conception were found. Generally, women's awareness of issues related to preconception care and pregnancy was higher than that of men. Women recognized risk factors in pregnancy (chi2=22.85, p<.001) and positive behaviors (chi2=10.91, p = .012) better than men. Women's awareness of preconception care was significantly higher than that of men (t=8.37, p<.001). The awareness levels of the students who completed a reproduction related class (t=3.16, p = .002) and the students who knew about folic acid (t=-10.78, p<.001) in preconception care were statistically significantly higher. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the ways to educate and alert students to major risk factors before pregnancy and other reproductive care content before conception is to provide education both single women and single men.
Education ; Female ; Fertilization ; Folic Acid ; Humans ; Male ; Preconception Care* ; Pregnancy* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Reproduction ; Risk Factors

PURPOSE: This study was to estimate salt preference and sodium intake of pregnant women, and identify the relationship between salt preference and sodium intake. METHODS: Research design was a cross sectional correlational survey with 197 pregnant women who visited outpatient clinics for antenatal care. The sodium intake levels were estimated by the amounts of sodium intake using the 24-hour recall method and sodium concentration in spot urine. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA and Pearson's correlation. RESULTS: Sodium intake using 24-hour recall method was 3,504±1,359 mg. Sodium intake levels had statistically significant differences depending on income. The average amount of sodium in spot urine was 2,882±878mg/day. Sodium excretion levels had statistically significant differences depending on whether participants had preexisting hypertension in their family history and Body Mass Index (BMI) pre-conception. Salt preference was 62.61±20.96 out of 180 points. Salt preference had significant differences depending on income, parity, gestational age, BMI pre-conception and showed negative correlation with sodium quantity in spot urine. CONCLUSION: Sodium intake in pregnant women recommended by World Health Organization recommended is 175%. Salt preference was not significantly different between sodium intake levels, however it was negatively correlated with sodium quantity in spot urine among pregnant women.
Ambulatory Care Facilities ; Body Mass Index ; Female ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Methods ; Parity ; Pregnant Women* ; Research Design ; Sodium* ; World Health Organization

PURPOSE: To evaluate the size of normal pons and cerebellum in vivo and the change in size according to age, and to compare those with measurement of the diseased pons and cerebellum. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 121 normal adults(M:F=54:67), 5 patients with OPCD and 19 patients with WallerJan degeneration were studied. The normal group was divided into 5 subgroups according to the age (ranged from 20 to 72 years). 1.5T GE Signa MR unit was used. On axial plane, the AP(A) and transverse(B) diameters of the pons, the size of the middle cerebellar peduncle(C), and transverse diameter of the posterior fossa(D) and the cerebellum(E) were measured. On midsagittal plane, the longitudinal(F) and AP(G) diameters of the basis pontis were measured. The ratios of E/D and F/G were calculated. The student t test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: C, E and F/G were 15.5mm+/-1.3, 99.8mm+/-4.3 and 1.63+/-.10, respectively. F/G, H/I, and H/J were larger in male(p<.01). All data of the pons showed no statistically significant differences among age groups. E of the seventh decades was shorter than that of the third decades(p<.05). C(12.7 mm+/-1.4) in OPCD and F/G(1. 81+/-.10) in Wallerian degeneration(p<.01) showed the most significant differences when they were compared to the normal. CONCLUSION: Although the cerebellum decreased in size with age, the pons maintained its size up to eighth' decades. The measurement of middle cerebellar peduncle on axial plane (C) and the ratio of basis pontis on midsagittal plane (F/G) were important in the evaluation of OPCD and WallerJan degeneration, respectively.
Cerebellum* ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Pons*

Synovial sarcoma is a distinct and generally recognized soft tissue tumor that it’s origin still raises controversy. The synovial origin of synovial sarcoma has not been determined despite the accepted terminology implying synovium as stem cell. Three cases of primary synovial sarcoma (2 fibrous monophasic, 1 biphasic type) were studied with a panel of antibodies against different types of cytokeratin and other markers (EMA, CEA, vimentin, S-100 protein, lysozyme, 1-antichymotrypsin). Spindle shaped-cell in monophasic synovial sarcoma showed reactivity for CK7 and pancytokeratin. Epithelial cells lining of glands in biphasic synovial sarcoma reactive for CK7, pancytokeratin, EMA, and focally CEA but spindle cells only positive for vimentin. By electron microscopy, fibrous monophasic synovial sarcoma showed pseudogland formation with intercellular junctions of paired subplasmalemmal destiny and discontinuous basal lamina. These results indicate that synovial sarcoma showes epithelial differentiation. We believe that synovial sarcoma arises in pluripotential connective tissue cells that is able to be differentiated into both mesenchymal and epithelial components. So, synovial sarcoma have been considered carcinosarcoma of soft tissues depending on the type of differentiation.
Antibodies ; Basement Membrane ; Carcinosarcoma ; Connective Tissue Cells ; Epithelial Cells ; Immunohistochemistry ; Intercellular Junctions ; Keratins ; Microscopy, Electron ; Muramidase ; S100 Proteins ; Sarcoma, Synovial ; Stem Cells ; Synovial Membrane ; Vimentin

The pseudolymphoma of the stomach is known to be a benign porliferation of lymphoid tissue, which can bemistaken hostoloigcally for malignant lymphoma. The etiology of pseudolymphoma is controversial, but it B believedto be a manifestation of chronic inflammatory process. Authors present 3 cases of gastric lymphoma. Impresssionsof upper gastrointestual series were as follows; lymphoma or chronic gastritis in one case, ulcerative carcinomain another case and early gastric carcinoma in the other case. Initial endoscopic findings suggested infiltratingcarcinoma, ulcerative carcinoma and two benign gastric ulcers, respectively. One case was associated wtih earlygastric carcinoma.
Gastritis ; Lymphoid Tissue ; Lymphoma ; Pseudolymphoma ; Stomach ; Stomach Ulcer ; Ulcer

PURPOSE: This study was done to examine the attitude and awareness of nurses about rooming-in for new mothers and their infants. METHODS: Data were collected from 462 nurses from 40 hospitals from August 10 to September 20, 2008 using a questionnaire, and the collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test and ANOVA. RESULTS: The mean score for attitude and awareness of nurses about rooming-in was 3.02 (range=2.13~3.80), which indicates that the nurses had positive opinions of the system. The factors with the highest and lowest scores were awareness of a successful implementation method (mean=3.35) and awareness of the advantages and disadvantages of the system (mean=2.73), respectively. The attitude and awareness of nurses about rooming-in differed significantly with age, religion, education level, parity, type of hospital, hospital nurse staffing grade (bed-to-nurse ratio), and presence of a rooming-in system. CONCLUSION: This results of the study show that attitudes and awareness of nurses to rooming-in differed significantly according to personal factors (age, parity, religion, educational level) and work characteristics (hospital type, hospital nurse staffing grade, presence of rooming-in system). These findings can be used as basic data in determining optimal strategies for a system of rooming-in in the future.
Attitude of Health Personnel ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Mothers ; Parity ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Rooming-in Care

PURPOSE: The study was done to identify the relationship of symptoms of stress, cancer prevention behavior, the quality of life in women, and the factors influencing the quality of life. METHOD: The subjects of this study were 210 married women. They were living in Gyeonggi Province and Busan Metropolitan City. Symptoms of stress were measured by the Park's Stress Scale. Cancer preventive behavior was measured by Suh's Korean scale, and Smith Kline Beecham Quality of life' Scale by Dunbar. Data was analyzed with the SPSS program by ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, and Multiple Regression Analysis. RESULT: The higher scores of physical stress correlated with lower practice scores of cancer prevention behavior. Psychological and physical stress revealed negative correlations among sub-items of the QOL such as competence, psychological well-being, stability, physical well-being and activity. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the predictor of quality of life in the women was stress. A combination of symptoms of stress and cancer prevention behaviors accounted for 35.3% of the variance in the quality of life in the women. CONCLUSION: The most important factor influencing the quality of life of women was stress. Thus the study's findings can be useful in directing a comprehensive nursing care plan to improve the QOL of women.
Busan ; Female ; Gyeonggi-do ; Humans ; Mental Competency ; Patient Care Planning ; Quality of Life*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify effects of a tilting training program on lower extremities function, depression, and self-efficacy among stroke inpatients. METHOD: The subjects were 60 stroke patients hospitalized in an oriental medical hospital; 31 in the experimental group and 29 in the control group. A nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used. The tilting training program consisted of 3 sessions and was implemented for 30 minutes daily during 3 weeks. Data was collected from Feb to July 2003, and analyzed by percentage, Fisher's exact probability, x2-test, and t-test using the SPSS/Win 10.0 computerized program. RESULT: After treatment with the tilting training program, the experimental group was significantly increased in the mean score for function of lower extremities (t=2.72, p=.009) compared to the control group, especially for keeping standing balance (t=2.78, p=.007) and standing by oneself (t=3.32, p=.002). However, in the mean scores of depression and self-efficacy, there were no significant differences between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The tilting training program was effective for increasing the function of lower extremities and to improve walking ability earlier among stroke inpatients. Therefore, the tilting training program is applicable to increase the balance level in standing and walking ability at the early rehabilitation stage for stroke patients.
Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Depression ; Female ; Humans ; Lower Extremity/physiopathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Musculoskeletal Manipulations ; *Self Efficacy ; Self-Help Groups ; Stroke/nursing/*rehabilitation ; Walking