The purpose of this study was to test the effect of Kegel exercise(pelvic floor muscle exercise) for the older women with stress incontinence. The researcher developed, 12-week-long training program was implemented at a senior citizen's center in Seoul. The exercise method was followed the Kimberly-Clark criteria. Verbal instruction for the exercise was given to the group of subjects. Subjects' understanding of exercise was confirmed and evaluated by description of the exercise method by subjects. Thirteen elderly women(mean age 73.7) who have stress incontinence were participated and completed the program. The training session was held every week, the length of each session was 40minutes, including 10minutes Kegel exercise and 30minutes for various topic of health education. Three dependent variables(incontinence, self-esteem, social activity) were compared between pre and post 12-week-training utilizing nonparametric statistics. There was significant decrease in level of incontinence(p=.003). But there was no significant change in self-esteem(p=.06) or in social activities(p=.50). The general evaluation of program by participant was positive. Future study with larger sample and control group was suggested in order to confirm the study results. Because of limited sample size, the study results was not conclusive, although effectiveness of the program as a nursing intervention for the community residing elderly women with stress incontinence is suggestive.
Aged ; Education ; Female ; Health Education ; Humans ; Nursing ; Pelvic Floor* ; Sample Size ; Seoul

No abstract available.
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders*

No abstract available.
Immunization*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop a breastfeeding empowerment program and to investigate the effects of the breastfeeding empowerment program on self-efficacy, adaptation and continuation of breastfeeding for primiparous women. METHODS: The 5 session breastfeeding empowerment program was developed and a non-equivalent control group non-synchronized quasi-experiment design was used. Fifty-five participants were assigned to either the experimental group (n=27) or the control group (n=28). Effects were tested using repeated measures ANOVA and χ²-test. RESULTS: Scores for self-efficacy, adaptation and continuation of breastfeeding of in the experimental group after program were significantly higher than 1 week, 4 weeks, 8 weeks scores in control group. CONCLUSION: The effects of the breastfeeding empowerment program for elevating self-efficacy, adaptation and continuation of breastfeeding in primiparous women were validated. Therefore, this program can be recommended for vigorous use in clinical practice.
Breast Feeding* ; Female ; Humans ; Power (Psychology)* ; Self Efficacy

This study examined the types of touch received by elderly patients from nurses, and explored the elderly patient' and nurses' perceptions of touch occurring during nursing activities. Non-participant observation and semi-structured interviews were the methods employed for data collection. The study subjects were composed of 24 nurses of the three medical wards, and their 83 elderly patients who were hospitalized at S Hospital in Seoul from February 15th to March 15th in 1996. The Observation Schedule, the Perception of Touch Instrument, and the Patient classification were study instruments. The most common types of touch occurring during the nurse-elderly patient interactions were : task touch(82.9%), caring touch(4.9%), and concurrent type of touch (12.2%). The mean score of the elderly patients' perception of touch was higher at 30.45(range 5-35)compared to the mean score of the nurses' perception of touch which was 23.01(range 5-35). Elderly patients received the nurses' touch much more positively than the nurses. But the two scores were not significantly correlated(r=.06, 29). The elderly patient's touch perception score was higher(p<.05) in the group that was touched upon approach than the group was touched later. Elderly patients preferred caring touch to task touch, but it was not significant. Nurses' touch perception scores were higher(p<.05) for female than male. Elderly patients felt most comfortable when the nurses administered the touch on their painful site.
Aged ; Appointments and Schedules ; Classification ; Data Collection ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Nursing ; Seoul ; Touch Perception

The purpose of this study is compare IVF cycle outcome in poor responders between clomiphene citrate (CC) stimulated and controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) protocol. A total of 94 patients responding poorly in previous IVF cycles (estradiol<600 pg/ml or less than 3 oocytes retrieved) subsequently underwent either COH (COH group: 122 cycles, 68 patients) or CC-stimulated cycles (CC group: 43 cycles, 26 patients). CC was administered for five consecutive days starting on cycle day 3 at a dose of 100 mg daily. Serial transvaginal ultrasound examination was done from cycle day 8. Urine was collected 3~4 times before hCG injection for the detection of LH surge. The hCG was administered when serum estradiol reached greater than 150 Pg/ml and mean follicle diameter>16 mm. In COH group, ovarian stimulation was done using short protocol (GnRH-a/FSH/HMG/hCG). No difference in age or number of transferred embryos was found between CC group and COH group. COH group had significantly (p<0.05) higher mean peak level of E2 (810+/-112 vs 412+/-55 pg/ml) and greater number of retrieved oocytes (3.0+/-0.2 vs 2.0+/-0.2) than CC group. CC group had significantly embryos (1.8+/-0.2) compared with (2.1+/-0.2) in COH group. However, CC group had higher pregnancy rate than COH group per retrieval [26.9% (7/26) vs 6.2% (6/97)], or per transfer [31.8% (7/22) vs 7% (6/86)]. Although cycle cancellation rate in CC group (48.8%) was higher than that of COH group (21.3%), the pregnancy rate per cycle in CC group was still higher (16.3%) than COH group (4.9%). In addition, implantation rate in CC group was 17.5% (7/40), which was significantly p<0.01) higher than 3.9% (7/180) in COH group. These data suggest that oocyte and embryo quality are lower in COH cycles of poor responders than CC cycles. We suggest that clomiphene citrate stimulated IVF cycle may be more efficient than COH IVF cycle in poor responders in terms of lower costs and higher pregnancy performance.
Clomiphene* ; Embryonic Structures ; Estradiol ; Fertilization* ; Humans ; Oocytes ; Ovulation Induction ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Rate ; Ultrasonography

No abstract available.
Risk Assessment*

By means of TLC-densitomery, the contents of oleanolic acid extracted from the fruits of Ligustrum lucidum were determined to be 8.04% (g/g) in the unriped fruit collected in August and 2.73% (g/g) in riped fruit gathered in December. This result showed that the oleanolic acid content in fructus L. Iucidum decreases gradually with growing until the fruit is fully riped.

Objective To find out whether Shanghai residents have mastered the knowledge related to iodine deficiency disorders (IDD),and how they choose different kind of salt.Methods Residents were selected by stratified random sampling from all 18 districts(counties) of Shanghai in 2010.Simple random sampling was used at the first level; random function was used at the second level to produce the last 4 numbers of a phone number.People who own the number were selected to be called.Results Totally 219 people completed the investigation.49.3％ (108/219) of the residents only selected iodized salt,and 25.6％(56/219) choose non-iodized salt; 6.8％ (15/219) selected both,and 18.3％ (40/219) don't care.About the reason of choosing iodized salt,25.9％ (28/108) thought it can prevent IDD,6.5％ (7/108) thought it's good to children's intelligence.About the reason of choosing non-iodized salt,35.7％ (20/56) thought they were not iodine deficiency,17.9％ (10/56) thought Shanghai was not an IDD epidemic region.Among the 126 people who had heard of iodine deficiency disorders,7.1％ (9/126) believed that iodine deficiency disorders can lead to varying degrees of mental impairment,65.1％ (82/126) thought it can lead to endemic goiter; 45.2％(57/126) thought eating iodized salt and 33.3％ (42/126) thought eating kelp and laver can prevent IDD.58％(127/219) had no idea of IDD and/or its hazards.Conclusions The resident's knowledge on iodine deficiency disorders is not satisfactory.We should make more effort in health education and help people to choose salt reasonably.

No abstract available.
Cause of Death* ; Korea*