BACKGROUND: Core hypothermia after induction of anesthesia results from an core-to-peripheral redistribution of body heat and a loss of body heat to environment. The purpose of this study is finding body temperatures during operation by either general of epidural anesthesia and evaluates content of total body heat. METHODS: We measured tympanic membrane temperature, 4 point skin temperature (mid calf, mid thigh, upper extremity, nipple). And we calculate mean skin temperature, mean body temperature, total body heat content changes based on tympanic membrane temperature and 4 point skin temperature. RESULTS: Tympanic membrane temperature of the first group decreased significantly after 10 minutes of induction (p<0.005), the second group decreased after 45 minutes of induction. Although upper extremity temperature has continuously increased as time passed, there was no significant difference in both group. Lower extremity temperature has significantly increased after 30 minutes of induction in the first group, and the second group has significantly increased after 10 minutes of induction (p<0.05). Mean skin temperature hasdecreasd temperaturily in both group after 10 minutes of induction and increased as time passed. Mean body temperature of the first group has significantly decreased after 10 minutes of induction (p<0.05) and second group has no significant changes. Total body heat content has continuously decreased after induction with no significance. CONCLUSIONS: General anesthesia reveals more significant decrease than epidural anesthesia. Both groups show significant decrease of body temperature after induction. We think that we need to close attention to temperature changes after induction for preventing possible side effects due to core hypothermia.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, Epidural* ; Anesthesia, General* ; Body Temperature Changes* ; Body Temperature* ; Hot Temperature ; Hypothermia ; Lower Extremity ; Skin Temperature ; Thigh ; Tympanic Membrane ; Upper Extremity

There are several EKG changes in cerebrovascular disease(CVD). The wide prominent of inverted T wave is frequently developed in patients with CVD. There were case reports for CVD in patient with ST-segment elevation without myocardial infarction, but the exact mechanism is unknown. EKG abnormalities associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage were first described by Byer et al, in 1947.1 We report the case of 72 years old female patient who developed subarachnoid hemorrhage and intraventricular hemorrhage with ST-segment elevation.
Aged ; Electrocardiography ; Female ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Myocardial Infarction ; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage*

No abstract available.
Paget Disease, Extramammary

BACKGROUND: Pelviscopic techniques have rapidly increased in therapeutic procedures as well as diagnostic procedures because of the many benefits associated with much smaller incisions than traditional open techniques. But the deliberate pneumoperitoneum with carbon dioxide during pelviscopic surgery may cause some problems-hypercarbia, pneumomentum, subcutaneous or mediastinal emphysema, pneumothorax, hypoxemia, hypotension, cardiovascular collapse and cardiac dysrhythmia. METHOD: We observed the changes of blood pressure (systolic, mean, diastolic), pulse rate, PaCO2, PaO2, peak inspiratory airway pressure and expired tidal volume at 10 minute after induction of general anesthesia (control value), 30 minutes and 60 minutes after insufflation of CO2 and Trendelenburg position. RESULTS: The blood pressure, PaCO2 and peak inspiratory airway pressure were increased significantly than control values (p<0.05). The changes of pulse rate and expired tidal volume were not statistically significant in comparison to control values. The PaO2 was decreased significantly (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: To minimize the risk of CO2 retension and unstability of cardiovascular system during pelviscopy under the Trendelenburg position, we must monitor the vital signs and the arterial blood gas status continuously and carefully.
Anesthesia, General* ; Anoxia ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Blood Pressure ; Carbon Dioxide ; Cardiovascular System ; Head-Down Tilt* ; Heart Rate ; Hypotension ; Insufflation* ; Mediastinal Emphysema ; Pneumoperitoneum ; Pneumothorax ; Tidal Volume ; Vital Signs

PURPOSE: Because NELL2 expression is strictly restricted only in neurons in developing and post- differentiated neural tissues, it is thought to be involved in the neuronal differentiation during development and in the maintenance of neuronal physiology in the post-differentiated neurons. In this study, we examined whether NELL2 is involved in the regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis in the hippocampal neuroprogenitor HiB5 cells. METHODS: Effects of NELL2 on the cultured HiB5 cell numbers, DNA fragmentation, and proteins involved in the regulation of the cell cycle were measured. RESULTS: NELL2 induced a decrease in cell numbers and an increase in G1 phase arrest. Moreover, transfection of NELL2 resulted in an increase of DNA fragmentation that shows an evidence of apoptosis. Contents of proteins involved in the regulation of cell cycle were also changed by transfection of NELL2 expression vectors. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that NELL2 plays an important role in the regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis of neurons.
Apoptosis ; Cell Count ; Cell Cycle* ; DNA Fragmentation ; G1 Phase ; Neurons* ; Physiology ; Transfection

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Die materials require abrasion resistance, dimensional stability with time, and high surface wettability for adequate material properties. Wear of gypsum materials is a significant problem in the fabrication of accurately fitting cast prosthetic devices. So It has been recommended that the use of die hardener before carving or burnishing ofthe wax pattern. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the abrasion resistance and surface microhardness(Knoop) with 3 commonly used gypsum die materials(MG Crystal Rock, Super plumstone, GC FUJIROCK(R) EP) with and without the application of 2 die hardeners. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Three die materials were evaluated for abrasion resistance and surface microhardness after application of 2 die hardeners(Die hardener and Stone die & plaster hardener). Thirty specimens of each gypsum material were fabricated using an impression of resin die(Pattern resin; GC Corporation, Japan) with 1-mm high ridges, sloped 90 degrees. Gypsum materials were mixed according to manufacturer's recommendations and allowed to set 24 hours before coating. Specimens were arbitrary assigned to 1 of 3 treatment subgroups (n=10/subgroup): no treatment(control), coated with Die hardener, and coated with Stone die & plaster hardener. Abrasion resistance(measured by weight loss) was evaluated using device in 50g mass perpendicular to the ridges. Knoop hardness was determined by loading each specimen face 5 times for 15 seconds with a force of 50g. A scanning electron microscope was used to evaluate the surface of specimens in each treatment subgroup. Conclusions: The obtained results were as follows: 1. 3 types of die stone evaluated in this study did not show significant differences in surface hardness and abrasive resistance(P<.05). 2. In the abrasive resistance test, there were no significant differences between GC FUJIROCK(R) EP and MG Crystal Rock with or without 2 die hardener(P<.05). 3. Super plumstone treated with Stone die & plaster hardener showed increased wear loss(P<.05). 4. Die hardener coatings used in this study decreased the surface hardness of the gypsum material(P<.05).
Calcium Sulfate* ; Hardness ; Wettability

BACKGROUND: Health illiteracy is a problem often unrecognized by health care providers. It influences medical costs and the health status of adults. The purposes of this study were to determine the level of health literacy in community-dwelling adults and to identify the factors influencing it. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Seoul, Gyeonggi and Chungcheong province. A total of 420 adults aged 18 or older were interviewed by trained nursing students between November 1 to December 30, 2011. Health literacy was measured using the Short Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults. Data were analyzed using the PASW 18.0 program. RESULTS: The mean score of health literacy was 50.64+/-19.18. In the multiple linear regression analysis, health literacy was significantly associated with education (beta=0.17, P=0.001), alcohol use (beta=-0.12, P=0.010), and perceived health status (beta=0.11, P=0.029). These factors accounted for about 7% of health literacy. CONCLUSIONS: Health literacy is a very important public health issue. Our findings showed that educational level, alcohol use and perceived health status should be considered when assessing this issue in patients. Furthermore, the development of a standardized Korean assessment tool for health literacy and specified interventions for enhancing health literacy are needed to improve health outcomes.
Adult* ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Education ; Gyeonggi-do ; Health Literacy* ; Health Personnel ; Health Status ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Literacy ; Primary Prevention ; Public Health ; Seoul ; Students, Nursing

PURPOSE: Vitamin D deficiency rickets is a significant public health problem that results from insufficient exposure to sunlight and inadequate vitamin D supplementation. The purpose of this study is to identify the clinical characteristics of vitamin D deficiency rickets in infants. METHODS: Data of 35 infants diagnosed as vitamin D deficiency rickets at Sanggye-Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea, from March 2007 to May 2009 were reviewed. Children with plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels <15 ng/mL and 15-30 ng/mL were considered to have vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D insufficiency, respectively. RESULTS: Thirty-five infants (22 boys, 13 girls) were diagnosed with rickets. Mean age at diagnosis was 7.4+/-7.1 months (range: 0.1-29.8 months). Eighteen infants (51%) were vitamin D deficient and seventeen infants (49%) were insufficient. Twenty-eight of all (80%) diagnosed as subclinical rickets. Twenty-nine infants (83%) were below the age of 12months. Twenty infants (57%) had breastfed and ten infants (29%) had iron deficiency anemia. Nine of breastfed infants (45%) were vitamin D deficient and ten of their mothers were vitamin D insufficient. Overall, radiographic evidence of rickets was present in 93% of the cases. Radiographic sign of rickets was evident even in vitamin D insufficient state. CONCLUSION: It is important for the clinician to screen for subclinical vitamin D deficiency rickets in inadequately supplemented infants by pairing 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels with wrist radiographs. A nationwide epidemiological study of vitamin D deficiency rickets must be conducted and evidence-based national guidelines must be defined to prevent rickets.
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Humans ; Infant ; Korea ; Mothers ; Plasma ; Public Health ; Rickets ; Sunlight ; Vitamin D ; Vitamin D Deficiency ; Vitamins ; Wrist

Active infective endocarditis, involving native, is often complicated by conduction abnormalities. These conduction disturbances are considered to represent an extension of the infection from the valve to the annulus, and to the surrounding myocardium. We describe a case of a 59-year-old woman who presented with dyspnea due to staphylococcal endocarditis, which was complicated by a complete heart block.
Dyspnea ; Endocarditis ; Endocarditis, Bacterial* ; Female ; Heart Block* ; Heart* ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Myocardium

Thyroglossal duct remnants are common congenital abnormalities of the thyroid development but malignant tumors arising in the thyroglossal duct remnants are rare, occuring in less than 1%. In the literature, about 160 cases of malignancy in the thyroglossal duct remnant have been reported. Among the various types of carcinoma being found from the thyroglossal duct remnants, most are papillary carcinoma(79.8%) and Mixed follicular-papillary carcinoma(9.5%). Others are squamous cell carcinoma(7.6%), follicular carcinoma(1.2%), and anaplastic carcinoma(0.6%). Hashimotos thyroiditis is a common autoimmune disease of the thyroid gland. Malignant tumors of the thyroid gland with Hashimotos thyroiditis are rare disorder except malignant lymphoma whose association with Hashimotos thyroiditis is well known. Malignant tumors associated with Hashimotos thyroiditis arising in a thyroglossal duct remnant are extremely rare. Recently the authors experienced a case of follicular carcinoma associated with Hashimotos thyroiditis arising in a thyroglossal duct remnant, which was removed by local excision and reported with literature review.
Autoimmune Diseases ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Epithelial Cells ; Lymphoma ; Thyroid Gland ; Thyroiditis