The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of diabetes education program on Glucose Metabolism(blood sugar. HbAlc) and Lipid Metabolism(total cholesterol. triglyceride. low density lipoprotein. high density lipoprotein). Self-efficacy in non-insulin independent diabetes mellitus. The study design was a non equivalent control group pre-test post-test design. Data for the study were collected from March 12 to June 19, 2001. Sixty-two research subjects were assigned to experimental (36) and control (26) groups. The collected data was analyzed using the Chi-Square test. t-test by spsswin program The results are as follows: 1. Experimental group had higher level of glucose metabolism than control group(FBS: t=-3.317. p=.002. HbAlc: t=-4.956. p=.000). 2. Level of lipid metabolism were partly a significant different between experimental group and control group(Triglyceride: t=-2.108. p=.039). 3. Experimental group had higher efficacy score than control group(t=4.651. p=.000). In conclusion. the study supported the effects of diabetes education program to increase metabolism and self-efficacy. Further study with a longitudinal design is suggested to verify the effect of diabetes education program in NIDDM and standardized diabetes education program.
Cholesterol ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2* ; Education* ; Glucose* ; Humans ; Lipid Metabolism* ; Lipoproteins ; Metabolism* ; Research Subjects ; Triglycerides

No abstract available.
Membranes* ; Pregnancy* ; Rupture*

PURPOSE: The study purposes were to describe the process of developing the Korean versions of the Six Dimension Scale of Nursing Performance (Six-D) and Student Nurse Stress Index (SNSI) and psychometric evaluation of the two measurements. METHODS: This was a methodology study using a descriptive cross-sectional design with 51 nursing students in 4th year of university. Internal consistency reliability was assessed using Cronbach alphas. Construct validity was determined by exploring correlations among Six-D, SNSI, objective structured clinical examination (OSCE), self-efficacy and grade point average (GPA). RESULTS: Internal consistency reliability of Six-D and SNSI was acceptable with Cronbach's alpha of .95 and .82. Correlation analysis to determine construct validity revealed that Six-D presented positive correlations with OSCE (r=.109~.272) and self-efficacy (r=.005~.161) and negative correlation with GPA (r=-.246~-.394), although all were not statistically significant. SNSI presented all negative correlations with OSCE (r= -.007~-.238), self-efficacy (r=-.246~-.394), and GPA (r=-.092~-.426) and were mostly statistically significant except OSCE. CONCLUSION: Six-D needs more evidence to confirm validity to predict observed clinical competency and theoretical relationships with self-efficacy and GPA. However, SNSI presented trends of expected relationships with relevant variables. Therefore, further research is recommended in testing validity of Six-D with other student populations.
Asthma ; Humans ; Psychometrics ; Students, Nursing

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to provide a basis for non-humidified low flow oxygen by nasal cannula and to provide a guide for consistent care in nursing practice. METHODS: A methodological study on the development of guidelines with experts' opinions on collected items, framing PICO questions, evaluating and synthesizing texts which were searched with the key words (low flow oxygen, nasal cannula, humidification of oxygen, guideline) from web search engines. RESULTS: Of the 45 researched texts on the web, 9 texts relevant to the theme were synthesized and evaluated. All patients with humidified or non-humidified oxygen therapy reported that they had no discomfort. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that there are no tangible grounds for patients' perceived differences between the humidified and non-humidified oxygen under 4L/min supplied by nasal cannula. with oxygen. Therefore, non-humidification oxygen therapy is strongly advised when suppling under 4L/min oxygen by nasal cannula (recommended grade A).
Catheters ; Humans ; Oxygen

PURPOSE: Today's clinical nurses deal with complex problems that need accurate evidence for practice and decision making. In this study the effectiveness of an EBP education program was examined. METHODS: A pre-posttest design was used for this study and participants were 46 nurses working at a tertiary hospital located in Suwon, Korea. Date collection was done before and after the education program, from July 27 to October 2, 2015. Data were analyzed using paired t-test and ANCOVA with SPSS 21.0. RESULTS: There were significant differences in scores before and after the EBP education program for EBP readiness: belief (t=-5.65, p<.001), implementation(t=-2.89, p=.006), competence (t=-4.21, p<.001), and for evidence-based decision making (t=-16.25, p<.001) by the nurses. CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that the EBP education program has positive effects on EBP belief, implementation, competence and evidence-based decision making. In the future, it is necessary to reinforce the content of the program in the clinical workplace and to provide continuous education for clinical nurses.
Decision Making* ; Education* ; Evidence-Based Practice* ; Gyeonggi-do ; Korea ; Mental Competency ; Tertiary Care Centers

BACKGROUND: Catenins are the associated protein with E-cadherin in the formation of adhesion complexes in normal and tumor cells related with epithelial differentiation and development of organ formation as well as in the tumor spread. The present study was aimed to find the distribution of alpha- and gamma-catenins in fetal skin development. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to observe the distribution of above two adhesion related proteins in the fetal skin during development, and to find its relationship by expression and their distribution pattern. METHODS: Skin was obtained from the scalp, chest, and sole of 21 human fetuses, ranging from 13 to 37 weeks of gestational age. Immunohistochemical staining was performed by the avidin biotin peroxidase complex method on paraffin embedded tissue using the anti-human monoclonal antibody against the human alpha- and gamma-catenins. RESULTS: alpha- and gamma-catenins were expressed strongly in basal cells of the epidermis and germ cells of skin adnexa, such as hair and eccrine glands at 13th week, followed by decreased basal cell expression. Increase in the suprabasal epithelium and differentiated adnexal epithelium, such as outer root sheath cells and eccrine ducts and glands at 18th week, and adult pattern in 23th week of gestation. Both showed similar distribution pattern in skin though gamma-catenin appeared two or three weeks later. alpha- and gamma-catenins are expressed not only in the epithelium of the skin, but also in the mesenchymal cells such as endothelial cells and fibroblasts. Though both catenins are more strongly expressed in the membrane portion, cytoplasmic expression is also noted. CONCLUSION: Both alpha- and gamma-catenin showed basically the same expression distribution pattern in the fetal skin developmental stage, suggesting that both adhesion molecules are highly related to each other in function and development of epidermis and adnexae of the skin in fetal stage.
Adult ; Avidin ; Biotin ; Cadherins ; Catenins ; Cytoplasm ; Eccrine Glands ; Endothelial Cells ; Epidermis ; Epithelium ; Fetus ; Fibroblasts ; gamma Catenin* ; Germ Cells ; Gestational Age ; Hair ; Humans ; Membranes ; Paraffin ; Peroxidase ; Pregnancy ; Scalp ; Skin* ; Thorax

Purpose: This study aims to describe and identify in-depth the breastfeeding experience of primiparas for more than one year using a phenomenological research method and to raise the understanding of the primiparas’ subjective experiences during the breastfeeding process to contribute to the improving and maintaining maternal and child health. Methods: This research was a phenomenological and qualitative study conducted on 5 primiparas who continued breastfeeding for more than 12 months. Data was collected through individual in-depth interviews from November 1, 2021 to March 20, 2022, and it was analyzed through the sixth stage of phenomenological research analysis presented by Colaizzi. Results: The study consisted of 10 theme clusters and 26 themes from meaningful statements about the breastfeeding success experiences of primiparas for more than one year. The 10 theme collections were "Planning breastfeeding during pregnancy," "Commitment to breastfeeding through information and education," "Challenges faced during breastfeeding," "Continuous hard work," "Continued conflict over breastfeeding amid confusion," "Connects with experts who lead the way," "Establishes one's own standards and direction," "Peace after hard work," "Solid and firm confidence," and "Deep-rooted beliefs brestfeeding serve as reminders." Conclusion It is expected that this study will help to understand the individual difficulties and problems experienced by primiparas during breastfeeding, the importance of breastfeeding education, the role of medical personnel in the early stage of childbirth, social and environmental support, and the importance of an active window for information exchange. By identifying these factors, this study can serve as basic data for nursing practice to promote successful breastfeeding.

Background: Due to the importance of the cold chain related to vaccine transportation, it is necessary to establish a blood cold chain operation strategy by checking the status of blood transportation from blood donation to transfusion. Methods: The blood transportation system and blood storage facilities were checked by inspecting the Korean Red Cross (KRC) Blood Centers and its affiliated supplier and Hanmaeum Blood Center. The status of the cold chain was evaluated through an interview with the quality control manager or blood supply team leader. For the hospital, the status was investigated from the perspective of the 30-min rule. A questionnaire survey was conducted for medical technicians and nurses working at the hospital. Results: Data on temperature during transport of blood components were computerized, and all standards were met. A nationwide network that could supply blood from the blood supply center to the hospitals within 2 hours was established. The frequency of temperature monitoring in the blood transport box and constant temperature check in the transport box during long-distance transport were evaluated. Conclusion This study confirmed that blood storage and transportation in Korea complied with the cold chain standards of high-income countries or higher. The evaluation of the cold chain is a constantly evolving process requiring continuous attention. When standards for storage and transportation of blood products are established, strict regulations and examinations will be required.

PURPOSE: Campylobacter species are common causes of bacterial enteritis. There is limited knowledge on its prevalence and clinical features because of its fastidious culture conditions. The purpose of this study was to identify the clinical features of Campylobacter enteritis in children. METHODS: We obtained stool specimens from patients diagnosed with acute gastroenteritis in the Department of Pediatrics, Nowon Eulji Medical Center (NEMC) and identified the pathogens by performing cultures or polymerase chain reactions (PCR). We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with Campylobacter enteritis at NEMC between January 2012 and December 2017. RESULTS: Overall, 123 patients were diagnosed with Campylobacter enteritis (60 by culture and PCR in EnterNet and 110 by multiplex PCR). The median (interquartile range [IQR]) age of patients was 12 years (IQR, 8 to 16 years). The disease occurred all year round, but 69.9% from June to September. Symptoms included diarrhea (97.6%), fever (96.7%), abdominal pain (94.3%), vomiting (37.4%), and headache (34.1%). Compared with other treatments, treatment with azithromycin was associated with a shorter hospitalization period (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Campylobacter enteritis is common during summer and mostly infects adolescent patients. It causes severe abdominal pain and fever preceding the onset of diarrhea. Prompt diagnosis and appropriate use of antibiotics reduces the duration of the disease.
Abdominal Pain ; Adolescent ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Azithromycin ; Campylobacter ; Child ; Diagnosis ; Diarrhea ; Enteritis ; Fever ; Gastroenteritis ; Headache ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Medical Records ; Pediatrics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Prevalence ; Retrospective Studies ; Vomiting

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the association between the high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) in Korean men. Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed the data of 3,705 men (age 30–64 years) who participated in the 2014–2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). SSB intake was defined as the sum of the intakes of carbonated beverages and fruit juices. Participants were categorized into study groups depending on their intake of SSBs: ≤2, 3–4, or ≥5 times per week. High CVD risk was defined as a 10-year risk of more than 10%, based on the Framingham Heart Study 10-year CVD Risk Calculator. The association between high CVD risk and SSB intake was evaluated using a multivariable-adjusted logistic regression model. Results: Korean men who consumed SSBs 3–4 and ≥5 times a week showed a multivariate-adjusted odds ratio of 1.49 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05–2.11) and 1.61 (95% CI, 0.97–2.67) for high CVD risk, respectively, compared with those who consumed SSBs ≤2 times per week. Additionally, the risk of CVD increased with the increase in the intake of SSBs (P-trend=0.01). In subgroup analysis, no association was observed between SSB intake and high CVD risk in the group with regular physical activity (P for interaction=0.01). Conclusion In Korean men, except those with regular physical activity, SSB intake ≥3 times a week is associated with a high risk for CVD (10-year CVD risk ≥10%).