PURPOSE: This study was to identify adolescents' smoking behavior and the status and need of smoking prevention education for adolescents. METHOD: The subjects were 375 students selected through convenient sampling from three middle schools and three high schools in Jeonbuk. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey and analyzed using SPSS 10.1. RESULT: The smoking rate was 20.8% and 83.7% the students experienced smoking prevention education. Students were educated by a special instructor (39.8%) or a health teacher (26.8%). Among the teaching methods, lecture was 69.4%, but some students (30.7%) wanted anti-smoking school. Among the students, 85.0% answered they want smoking prevention education and 46.7% said that it should be covered in regular curriculum. CONCLUSION: High interest and continuity are emphasized for the success of smoking prevention education. In addition, various teaching methods need to be developed including anti-smoking school, lectures, counselling and long term education program. Moreover, smoking prevention education programs need to be covered in regular curriculum.
Adolescent* ; Curriculum ; Education* ; Humans ; Jeollabuk-do ; Lectures ; Smoke* ; Smoking* ; Teaching ; Surveys and Questionnaires

No abstract available.

No abstract available.

Solitary intrapulmonary cystic lymphangioma in newborn or infant is an extremely rare disease. We describe a case of solitary intrapulmonary cystic lymphangioma in a 4-month-old boy with dyspnea and tachypnea. It was in the left lower lobe and type 1 congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation was suspected radiologically. The resected cyst was unilocular with a thin wall, and was 9.5cm in size. Histologically, the cyst was lined by flattened endothelial cells supported by a minimal fibrous stroma.
Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation of Lung, Congenital ; Dyspnea ; Endothelial Cells ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Lung ; Lymphangioma, Cystic* ; Male ; Rare Diseases ; Tachypnea

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to find out the effects of the aroma massage on shoulder pain, depression, and sleep disturbance in hemiparesis patients. METHOD: The research design was a nonequivalent control group nonsynchronized design. The data was collected from July 1 to August 31, 2003 at D medical Center in Busan. The subjects were 37 patients that they were assigned to two groups, nineteen subjects in the experimental group and seventeen subjects in the control group. The oil made from a blend of lavendar, clarysage, bergamot at a ratio 3:1:2 used for relieving shoulder pain, depression, sleep disturbance. The instruments used for this study were Visual Analogue Scale(VAS) for shoulder pain, Zung' depression scale, 4 score's scale for sleep disturbance. The data were analyzed using SPSS and hypotheses were examined with ANCOVA. RESULTS: Shoulder pain, depression, and sleep disturbance were significantly lower in the experimental group compared than the control group. CONCLUSION: The aroma massage using selected essential oils is an effective intervention for relieving shoulder pain, depression, sleep disturbance in hemiparesis patients. However differences between aroma massage and massage were not clear, further study needs to be done.
Busan ; Depression* ; Humans ; Massage* ; Oils, Volatile ; Paresis* ; Research Design ; Shoulder Pain* ; Shoulder*

To determine the impact of intake large amount whole cow's milk (WCM) on iron status during early childhood (18~36 months), selected indices of complete blood count(CBC) and iron status were compared between the WCM large amount intake group (n=20)and small amount intake group (n=20). WCM large amount intake children's mean hemoglobin and mean hematocrit were 9.6+/-1.7 g/dL and 30.8+/-4.5% respectively. These range of peripheral blood with other indices of CBC disclosed the hypochromic microcytic anemia. WCM large amount intake children's some indices of CBC-hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCV, MCH-were significantly lower than those of small amount intake children (P<0.01). WCM large amount intake children had significantly lower mean iron, transferrin saturation and ferritin (P<0.01) and greater mean total iron binding capacity (P<0.05) than did small amount intake children. It is concluded that intake large amount of WCM for long duration impacts on the iron status of 18~36 months old children disadvantageously. It should be avoided for the protection of irreversible recognitive impairment and behavioral change.
Anemia ; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency ; Child ; Ferritins ; Hematocrit ; Humans ; Iron* ; Milk* ; Transferrin

In this study of 64 cases of breast cancer with a clinical follow-up period of more than 5 years, several prognostic factors were evaluated. The purpose of this study was to determine whether any one parameter or group of parameters serves as adequate predictors of tumor behavior and patient's prognosis. Several prognostic factors included clinicopathological variables (patient's age, histologic grade, status of lymph node (LN) metastasis, and tumor size), expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), p53, bcl-2 and CD44 by immunohistochemistry, and DNA ploidy pattern. The results showed that the expression of ER and PR had a significant inverse correlation with the histologic grade (ER, p=0.05; PR, p<0.05). The expression of p53 protein showed a significant relationship with high histologic grade of tumor (p<0.05). The expression of bcl-2 protein was preferably seen in low histologic grade of tumor (p<0.05) and significantly associated with ER positive or PR positive tumors (ER, p<0.05; PR, p<0.05). This results suggest that bcl-2 protein might play significant roles in ER and PR. The CD44 expression showed a significant relationship with tumor size (p<0.05). The large size and aneuploidy pattern of tumor had a tendency to be associated with shorter patient survival. Cox's multivariate analysis showed that overall survival was affected by LN metastasis because of the shorter survival in patients with LN metastasis. In conclusion, tumor size, DNA ploidy pattern, and LN metastasis were themselves significant predictors of breast cancer survival rate.
Aneuploidy ; Breast Neoplasms ; Breast* ; Carcinoma, Ductal* ; DNA* ; Estrogens ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Lymph Nodes ; Multivariate Analysis ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Ploidies* ; Prognosis ; Receptors, Progesterone ; Survival Rate

Lung cancer is the most common malignant tumor worldwide and its incidence continues to rise each year. Recent development of molecular biologic method has led to advances in determining the etiologic factors of lung cancer and the establishment of cell lines has provided a lot of information on the through chemosensitivity, radiation biology studies, cytogenetics, and molecular biologic studies, which permits improved treatment for lung cancer. We established a small cell lung cancer cell line, designated JePa-1, obtained from malignant pericardial effusion of small cell lung cancer patient and characterized its morphologic and molecular biologic features. the JePa-1 cell line grew relatively slowly (doubling time 45hrs) as very loosely adherent floating aggregates growing in small clumps with distinct cell outlines and intertwined cords. Also JePa-1 cell line secreted antidiuretic hormones. Electronmicroscopic examination revealed that JePa-1 cell line and xenografts contained electron dense core granules, characteristic of being of neuroendocrine origin. To investigate the tumorigenic capacity, the JePa-1 cell line was injected into SCID and nude mice. Tumors taken from xenografts were observed in 3 out of 4 of the SCID mice and 2 out of 4 of the nude mice. The histologic characteristics of the xenografts were similar to those of the cell line and the original cytologic finding of the pericardial fluid, suggesting small cell carcinoma. The results of immunohistochemical markers showed reactivity for Rb protein, c-myc, TGF-alpha, TGF-beta , EGFR, keratin, NSE, chromogranin, and EMA. The DNA ploidy and the index of the JePa-1 cells was tetraploid and 2.13, respectively. The positive rate for the Rb, c-myc and K-ras proteins of the JePa-1 cell line were 98.9%, 99.3%, and 99.7% respectively as determined by flow cytometry. Cytogenetic analysis using the G-banding technique showed 65 chromosomes with various numerical and structural abnormalities. On examination of the expression of TGF-alpha, TGF-beta , and EGFR by PCR, only the EGFR was positive Through the establishment of JePa-1 cell line, we report in this paper the characterization of a small cell lung cancer such as morphologic and immunocytochemical features, growth characteristics in culture, hormone production, expression of oncoprotein and several growth factors, tumorigenicity, chromosomal abnormalities, and DNA ploidy and index. The JePa-1 cell line will be valuable in vitro studies for the etiology, treatment and the prognostic factors in small cell lung cancer.
Animals ; Carcinoma, Small Cell ; Cell Line ; Chromosome Aberrations ; Cytogenetic Analysis ; Cytogenetics ; DNA ; Flow Cytometry ; Heterografts ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Incidence ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Lung Neoplasms ; Mice ; Mice, Nude ; Mice, SCID ; Pericardial Effusion ; Ploidies ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Radiobiology ; Retinoblastoma Protein ; Small Cell Lung Carcinoma* ; Tetraploidy ; Transforming Growth Factor alpha ; Transforming Growth Factor beta ; Vasopressins

No abstract available.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Cyclin D1* ; Cyclins* ; Survival Rate*

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis continues to be a major threat to health throughout the world, with an estimated 8 to 10 million new cases and 3 million deaths annually. And control of the disease is further threatened by the emergence of drug resistance. Recent major advances have been made in unravelling the molecular basis of M. tuberculosis resistance to isoniazid, streptomycin, quinolones and rifampin. And rifampin resistance is the useful indicator for the occurance of the multi-drug resistance. Hence, the rapid detection of rifampin resistant strain of M. tuberculosis is the key to have successful anti-tuberculosis therapy. Here we present our experience using PCR and line probe assay (INNO-LiPA) for easy and rapid detection of rifampin resistance of M. tuberculosis. METHODS: Thirty rifampin resistant and twenty susceptible strains of M. tuberculosis were collected from the routine culture and analyzed with INNO-LiPA. And results were compared with conventional antibiotic susceptibility testing. After amplification of the region of the RNA polymerase(rpoB), the amplified product is hybridized with a set of 10 oligonucleotides immobilized onto a membrane strip. From the pattern obtained the presence or not of rifampin resistance M. tuberculosis can be assessed. RESULTS: Ninety three percent of patients who had rifampin resistant strain revealed the multidrug resistance while only two showed resistance to rifampin only. The INNO-LiPA test results were generally agreeable with that of the conventional susceptibility testing(90%). The mutations in codon 531 (absence of 55 probe) were most commonly observed. In 55.2% of the 31 rifampin resistance M. tuberculosis confirmed on mutation by R-probes on the INNO-LiPA strips. CONCLUSIONS: The line probe assay after polymerase chain reaction is a fast and convenient method to detect both presence of M. tuberculosis complex strains and its resistance to rifampin in clinical specimens. We have suggested that detection of rifampin resistance may play a key role in monitoring multi-drug resistance. Consequently, the INNO-LiPA test may constitute an important tool for the control of tuberculosis.
Codon ; Drug Resistance ; Drug Resistance, Multiple ; Humans ; Isoniazid ; Membranes ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis* ; Mycobacterium* ; Oligonucleotides ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Quinolones ; Rifampin* ; RNA ; Streptomycin ; Tuberculosis