PURPOSE: This study was to provide preliminary data for menstrual education and research for the early adolescents. METHODS: Participants were 320 middle school students in Gangreung city. Data collection was done from May 1 to May 30, 2004 by self administered questionnaires. RESULTS: In recollecting of menarche experiences, students felt more negative (happy 18.5%, confused 72.6%, embarrassed 82.2%, angry 38.1%, proud 26.2%, excited 15.6%, surprised 54.7%). For menarche preparation, there was a low level of explanations and knowledge of menstruation, and preparedness for menarche. Key informants regarding menstruation experiences were the mother and school teacher. The mean age of menarche was 12.3years old. 66.6% had premenstrual symptoms, and the mean score of VAS for dysmennorrhea was 4.50. Significant variables related to the VAS score were embarrassed of menarche experience (F=3.38, p=.019), preparedness for menarche (F=2.86, p=.038), and premenstrual symptoms (t=63.36, p.000), CONCLUSION: Preparation for a positive menarche experience prior to menarche is necessary. More active menstrual education should be given for early adolescents in the school and family setting. Replication studies in other regions and developing a menstrual education program is recommended. Systematic examinations of perimenstrual discomforts for early adolescents should be followed.
Adolescent ; Data Collection ; Education ; Female ; Humans ; Menarche ; Menstruation* ; Mothers ; Surveys and Questionnaires

No abstract available.
Breast* ; Glucuronidase* ; Lipase* ; Milk, Human*

Tyrosine kinase A (TrkA)is an essential component of the high affinity nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor necessary to the mediate the biological effects of the neurotrophins, NGF. This study examined the distribution of TrkA-immunoreactivity (IR)cells in the postnatal rat cerebral cortex and the changes that occur in postnatal development as a result of the expression of this protein. TrkA-IR was detected at postnatal day (PD)3, PD6, PD9 and PD15. Base upon their somatodendritic morphology, the most commonly labeled cell type was the pyramidal neurons. At PD3 and PD6, layer I, II, III and V was immunopositive for TrkA, at PD9, not only at layer I, II, III, and V but also at layer VI. At PD15, the TrkA-positive cells were distributed in all layers. These TrkA-positive cells were not detected at PD0. In contrast, there was significant increase in the percentage of cells exhibiting TrkA-IR with development and the highest level was detected at PD15. These results suggest that the cerebral cortex expresses TrkA strongly during the postnatal period. Moreover, the postnatal development-related increase in the expression of TrkA-cells shows that NGF may have a trophic effect on these cerebral cortex neurons from the postnatal period.
Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Cerebral Cortex/*growth&development/*metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/*physiology ; Neurons/*metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptor, trkA/*metabolism

No Abstract Available.
Mass Screening*

PURPOSE: This study analyzed iodine intake by establishing an iodine database of general Korean foods eaten by Korean adults based on the data from the 1998 ~ 2014 KNHANES (Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey). METHODS: Data on 56,818 subjects aged 19 years and older were obtained from health behavior interviews and a 24-hour dietary recall survey. Iodine intake of subjects was analyzed according to general characteristics, dietary lifestyle, food groups, and cooking method. RESULTS: An iodine database was established for 312 food items. The mean iodine intake of Korean adults decreased from 641.6 μg in 1998 to 236.2 μg in 2014 per day. Iodine intake of women was higher than that of men. For age distribution, those aged 30 ~ 49 years constituted more than 39 ~ 46% of subjects by survey year. Regarding iodine intake according to dietary lifestyle, the highest iodine intake was 29.4 ~ 34.4% for lunch while that of breakfast decreased. The highest iodine contribution by food group was seaweed such as kelp, sea mustard, and laver. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that iodine intake of Korean adults has been decreasing, and iodine intake is associated with the prevalence of thyroid disease. This study provides basic data for the estimation of iodine intake in Korean adults.
Adult* ; Age Distribution ; Breakfast ; Cooking ; Female ; Functional Food ; Health Behavior ; Humans ; Iodine* ; Kelp ; Korea* ; Life Style ; Lunch ; Male ; Methods ; Mustard Plant ; Nutrition Surveys* ; Prevalence ; Seaweed ; Thyroid Diseases

PURPOSE: The purpose of this research was to determine the effects of a safety management program on safety accident-related knowledge, attitude and behavior of elementary school students in Korea. METHODS: This study adopted nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The number of subjects was 34 in the experimental group and 31 in the control group. The safety management program was performed for approximately 50 minutes each session, once a week for 8 weeks. Data were collected from March 14th to June 23th, 2006, and analyzed by chi2 test and independent t-test with SPSS WIN 16.0. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences in safety-related knowledge (t=3.010, p=.006) and behavior (t=18.833, p=.001) between the experimental group and the control group. The score of attitude was different between the experimental group and the control group but the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The safety management program used in this study was appropriate for elemental school students and affected safety-related knowledge and behavior of elementary school students. Therefore safety education should be provided systematically for elementary schools over the whole country.
Accident Prevention ; Education ; Humans ; Korea* ; Safety Management*

BACKGROUND: Hispolon has been shown to possess antitumor effects in various cancer cells. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we evaluated the sensitizing effect of hispolon on TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-mediated apoptosis in human renal carcinoma cells. METHODS: Apoptosis was analyzed by using cell-based cytometer. The mRNA levels were assessed by reverse transcription-PCR. Bax activation was determined by oligomerization and fluorescence-activated cell sorting with Bax-NT monoclonal antibody. The protein expression was measured by Western blotting. RESULTS: Hispolon induced up-regulation of Bim and death receptors expression at the post-translational level. CONCLUSIONS: Hispolon enhanced TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in renal carcinoma cells, but not in normal cells.
Apoptosis ; Blotting, Western ; Flow Cytometry ; Humans ; Receptors, Death Domain ; RNA, Messenger ; TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand ; Up-Regulation

PURPOSE: Accurate clinical diagnosis of acute appendicitis is more difficult in children since they may not be able to communicate their complaints adequately, and findings on physical examination may be nonspecific.The uncertainty in diagnosis may lead to a delay of surgery or to unnecessary laparotomy. Prompt diagnosis is important due to their complications such as perforation, abscess formation, and peritonitis. The authors conducted this study in order to find out usefulness of ultrasonography in diagnosis of acute appendicitis in children. METHODS: The authors was performed ultrasonographical examination to 290 children with abdominal pain under the age of 15 during a recent 16-months period from January 1994 to April 1995. High-resolution ultrasonography was used according to the graded compression method. The ultrasonographic findings were correlated with pathologic outcome in 87 cases. RESULTS: 1) Among 290 patients with abdominal pain, acute appendicitis was 81 cases (27.9%), and there were mesenteric lymphadenitis, terminal ileitis, intussusception, acute gastroenteritis, and nonspecific findings. 2) Sex ratio of acute appendicitis was 1.53:1. The acute appendicitis was occurred 13.6% in under the age of 5 and 86.4% in over the age of 6. Mean age was 10.6 3) The most frequent symptom was abdominal pain followed by vomiting, fever, nausea, and diarrhea. 4) Leukocytosis (>10,000/cu.mm) was occurred in 71 of 81 (87.7%) cases of acute appendicitis and 24 of 28 (85.7%) cases of acute appendicitis with perforation. 5) The perforation rate was higher in delayed diagnosis and in younger children. 6) Ultrasonography had a sensitivity of 97.5%, specificity of 96.2%, positive predictive value of 90.8%, and negative predictive value of 99.0% on diagnosis in acute appendicitis. CONCLUSIONS: Upon the above results, the authors were able to conclude that graded compression ultrasonography had high sensitivity and specificity and was useful for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in children. And the ultrasonography can be applied as rapid, noninvasive, and well-tolerated investigation. So, it has diagnostic value as screening test in children whose chief complaint is abdominal pain.
Abdominal Pain ; Abscess ; Appendicitis* ; Child* ; Crohn Disease ; Delayed Diagnosis ; Diagnosis* ; Diarrhea ; Fever ; Gastroenteritis ; Humans ; Intussusception ; Laparotomy ; Leukocytosis ; Mass Screening ; Mesenteric Lymphadenitis ; Nausea ; Peritonitis ; Physical Examination ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Sex Ratio ; Ultrasonography* ; Uncertainty ; Vomiting

Smoking has been known to exacerbate the initiation and propagation of oxidative stresses. Efforts have been made to reduce the smoking-induced oxidative stresses using commercial dietary supplements. Propolis is the resinous substance collected by bees from the leaf buds and bark of trees, especially poplar and conifer trees. In this trial, we examined whether a daily supplementation of 800 mg propolis can protect endogenous lymphocytic DNA damage and modulate antioxidative enzyme activities and the level of antioxidant vitamin in smokers using a placebo-controlled, double-blinded cross-over trial. After two weeks of running-in period, 29 smokers (mean age 34.38 +/- 1.73) received 6 tablets/day of either propolis or placebo pills for 4 weeks. After 2 weeks of washout period the subjects switched they pills for cross-over study. The degree of DNA damage (assessed by tail DNA, tail length and tail moment) was not significantly changed with propolis intake or placebo intake. Similarly, total antioxidant status (TAS) remained at the same level regardless of the treatment. Erythrocyte catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), plasma vitamin C and tocopherol level did not differ before and after propolis treatment, and did not differ between treatments. Putting all these results together, we would suggest that it is still too early to claim that propolis possess antioxidative activities.
Ascorbic Acid ; Bees ; Catalase ; Coniferophyta ; Cross-Over Studies ; Dietary Supplements ; DNA ; DNA Damage ; Erythrocytes ; Glutathione Peroxidase ; Lymphocytes ; Oxidative Stress ; Plasma ; Propolis ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Superoxide Dismutase ; Tocopherols ; Trees ; Vitamins

In the case of edentulous patients, the total amount of occlusal force is dispersed by the keratinized gingiva during mastication, in result, causing lower masticatory and chewing efficiency. In particular, the mandibular area has more side effects such as pain than the maxilla has. It gets worse when the patient has more absorption of alveolar bone, but the implant treatment is often interrupted due to the existence of the inferior alveolar nerve. In this case, a patient treated with the all-on-4 method by placing the implant in the anterior part of mandible and with the conventional complete denture for the maxilla has maintained without complications and was satisfied with the restoration both functionally and esthetically.
Absorption ; Bite Force ; Denture, Complete ; Gingiva ; Humans ; Mandible ; Mandibular Nerve ; Mastication ; Maxilla ; Methods