The purpose of this study was to develop the website-based program for individual meal planning. The program consisted of the basic information of clients, dietary habits, analysis of nutrient intakes and menu planning. The first part of the program consisted of general information such as general characteristics and anthropometric data of clients. The second part was designed to investigate the dietary habits, food intake frequency, nutrition knowledge, and drinking and smoking habits of the clients. The third part consisted of analysis of nutrient intakes including three major nutrients, calorie intake by foods and alcohol, and ratio of individual fatty acid intake. Nutrient intakes was evaluated by comparing with dietary reference intakes. In the final part, the program included the menu planning by using standard recipe. This system was also designed to insert, remove or change the food items or amount according to the user need. It is expected that the development of a meal planning system based on the internet can facilitate the professional dietary counseling, and thus help to improve the health of people.
Counseling ; Drinking ; Eating ; Food Habits ; Internet ; Meals ; Menu Planning ; Smoke ; Smoking

The present study was conducted to provide the basis for improvement of clinical nutrition services through development of job standards of clinical dietitian for the clinical nutrition therapy to cancer patients in hospitals. Developing A Curriculum (DACUM) method was used for job analysis and development of job standards for clinical dietitians for cancer care. Based on DACUM analysis, information about duties, tasks, and task elements of clinical dietitians for cancer care was collected. Developed job standards were applied to clinical nutrition care for cancer patients in hospitals for evaluation. Based on DACUM analysis, consultations from professionals, and field application tests, the final job standards were composed of four duties, 18 tasks, and 56 task elements. The duties consisted of nutritional assessment, nutrition diagnosis, nutrition intervention, and nutrition monitoring.evaluation. For cancer nutrition care, 109 work activities were developed. They were composed of 75 basic and 34 recommended work activities. The application of developed job standards for clinical dietitians for cancer care at 10 hospitals showed a performance rate of 72.3%. In conclusion, job standards for clinical dietitians for cancer care developed in this study might be effectively used as guidelines for providing clinical nutrition services for cancer patients in hospitals.
Curriculum ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Nutrition Assessment ; Nutrition Therapy* ; Nutritionists* ; Referral and Consultation

PURPOSE: During the recent decades, the age at menarche continued to decline in Korea and worldwide. Prior studies have suggested that early menarche may increase the risk of various social, psychological, and physical health problems in young adolescent girls, but little is known about the determinants associated with early menarche. The purpose of this study is to evaluate independent determinants of early menarche among 5th~6th female graders in South Korea. METHODS: Our analysis was conducted in 95 menarcheal girls and 95 age-matched pre-menarcheal girls residing in Daegu, South Korea. Demographic and lifestyle characteristics were collected using survey questionnaires for children and parents. Dietary information was assessed by 2 day~24 hour food records and survey questionnaires, which were completed by both children and their parents. Anthropometric data were obtained from the student health check-ups at the school. RESULTS: A multiple logistic regression analysis using a conditional likelihood method was performed for simultaneous evaluation of several risk factors. There were significant differences in that higher proportion of obesity (OR, odds ratio = 5.60, 95% CI, confidence interval = 1.34~23.42), shorter sleep duration (OR = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.23~0.87), and younger mother's age at menarche (OR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.44~0.93) were observed in the menarcheal group compared to the premenarcheal group. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate a possible association of sleep duration, mother's menarcheal age, and obesity with age at menarche. A well-planned, prospective cohort study is warranted to examine causal relationship.
Adolescent ; Child ; Cohort Studies ; Daegu ; Female ; Female* ; Humans ; Korea ; Life Style ; Logistic Models ; Menarche* ; Obesity ; Odds Ratio ; Parents ; Prospective Studies ; Puberty ; Risk Factors

Mood disorder is a common psychiatric illness with a high lifetime prevalence in the general population. A serious problem such as suicide is commonly occurring in the patients with depression. Till now, the monoamine hypothesis has been the most popular theory of pathogenesis for depression. However, the more specific pathophysiology of depression and cellular molecular mechanism underlying action of commercial antidepressants have not been clearly defined. Several recent studies demonstrated that glial cells, especially astrocytes, are a promising answer to the pathophysiology of depression. In this article, current understanding of biology and molecular mechanisms of glial cells in the pathology of mood disorder and new research on the pathophysiology of depression will be discussed.
Antidepressive Agents ; Astrocytes ; Biology ; Depression ; Humans ; Mood Disorders* ; Neuroglia* ; Pathology ; Prevalence ; Suicide

p11 protein (S100A10) is downregulated in depressive-like states of human and rodent. Antidepressant drug treatment increases p11 levels in rodent models. We reviewed studies demonstrating that p11 levels are regulated in depression and by antidepressant treatment and that p11 upregulation exerts antidepressant effects. Current studies on p11 underscore the importance of p11 as a potential antidepressant target.
Depression* ; Humans ; Rodentia ; Up-Regulation

Depression is a complicated psychiatric illness with severe consequences. Despite recent advanced achievements of molecular neurobiology, pathophysiology of depression has not been well elucidated. Among new findings of pathophysiology of depression, the possible fast antidepressant effect by N-methyl-D-asparate receptor antagonist, such as ketamine, is regarded as a promising treatment target of depression. Ketamine stimulates the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway and activation of mTOR signaling pathway may be a key mechanism of the antidepressant effect of ketamine. Thus, this review describes the role of mTOR signaling in the pathophysiology of depression and developing a new treatment target of depression.
Depression* ; Ketamine ; Neurobiology ; Sirolimus*

The present study was conducted to develop a standardized job description for clinical dietitians working in hospitals. A developing curriculum (DACUM) method was used for the job analysis of clinical dietitians. Based on DACUM analysis with 14 members, including clinical dietitians and professors majoring in clinical nutrition and job analysis, information on the duties, tasks, and task elements of clinical dietitians was determined. To verify the job descriptions derived from DACUM analysis, a total of 46 tertiary and general hospitals with over 500 beds were recruited for the survey. The final developed job description for clinical dietitians included 7 duties, 27 tasks, and 93 task elements. The duties consisted of nutritional assessment, nutrition diagnosis, nutrition intervention, nutrition monitoring.evaluation, consultation.cooperation, nutrition research, and self-development. The mean scores of perceived importance, performance, and difficulty on the clinical dietitian's task elements (out of a maximum score of 5.0) were 4.5, 3.7, and 3.5, respectively, with significant differences between the items (P<0.001). The perceived importance and performance grid of clinical dietitian's tasks showed that "construction and maintenance of collaboration" (E2) and "activity of quality improvement" (F1) received relatively low scores for performance despite their high importance scores; thus the performance of these tasks requires significant improvement. In conclusion, the job descriptions of clinical dietitians developed from this study are useful for the qualitative improvement of clinical nutrition services in hospitals.
Curriculum ; Hospitals, General ; Job Description ; Nutrition Assessment

PURPOSE: We examined the ability of preschool aged children to meet the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and European Resiratory Society (ERS) goals for spirometry quality and tried to find out the major factor for improving the rate of success of spiromety test in this age group. METHODS: Spirometry was performed in 2-6 aged 155 children with chronic cough or suspicious asthma with the recording of maneuver quality measures of forced expiratory time, end-of-test volume, back-extrapolated volume (Vbe), and forced vital capacity (FVC), as well as flow-volume curve. The subjects were tested several times and the two best results in each subject were selected. All criteria for quality control were suggested by ATS/ERS guidelines. The criteria for starting of the test was Vbe <80 mL and Vbe/FVC <12.5%. The criteria for repeatability of the test was that second highest FVC and FEV1 are within 100 mL or 10% of the highest value, whichever is greater. For the criteria for termination of the test for preschool aged children, we evaluated the flow-volume curve RESULTS: As getting older, the success rate of spirometry increased and rapidly increased after 3 years old. Total success rate of the test was 59.4% (2 years old - 14.3%, 3 years old - 53.7%, 4 years old - 65.1%, 5 years old - 69.7%, 6 years old - 70.8%). The percentage of failure to meet the criteria for starting the test was 6.5%, repeatability of the test was 12.3% and end of the test was 31%. There was a significant difference only in age between success group and failure group. Evaluating the quality control criteria of previous studies, the success rate increased with age. CONCLUSION: About 60% of preschool aged children met ATS/ERS goals for spirometry test performance and the success rate was highly correlated with age. It is clearly needed that developing more feasible and suitable criteria for quality control of spirometry test in preschool aged children.
Aged ; Asthma ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cough ; Humans ; Quality Control ; Spirometry ; Vital Capacity

PURPOSE: We examined the ability of preschool aged children to meet the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and European Resiratory Society (ERS) goals for spirometry quality and tried to find out the major factor for improving the rate of success of spiromety test in this age group. METHODS: Spirometry was performed in 2-6 aged 155 children with chronic cough or suspicious asthma with the recording of maneuver quality measures of forced expiratory time, end-of-test volume, back-extrapolated volume (Vbe), and forced vital capacity (FVC), as well as flow-volume curve. The subjects were tested several times and the two best results in each subject were selected. All criteria for quality control were suggested by ATS/ERS guidelines. The criteria for starting of the test was Vbe <80 mL and Vbe/FVC <12.5%. The criteria for repeatability of the test was that second highest FVC and FEV1 are within 100 mL or 10% of the highest value, whichever is greater. For the criteria for termination of the test for preschool aged children, we evaluated the flow-volume curve RESULTS: As getting older, the success rate of spirometry increased and rapidly increased after 3 years old. Total success rate of the test was 59.4% (2 years old - 14.3%, 3 years old - 53.7%, 4 years old - 65.1%, 5 years old - 69.7%, 6 years old - 70.8%). The percentage of failure to meet the criteria for starting the test was 6.5%, repeatability of the test was 12.3% and end of the test was 31%. There was a significant difference only in age between success group and failure group. Evaluating the quality control criteria of previous studies, the success rate increased with age. CONCLUSION: About 60% of preschool aged children met ATS/ERS goals for spirometry test performance and the success rate was highly correlated with age. It is clearly needed that developing more feasible and suitable criteria for quality control of spirometry test in preschool aged children.
Aged ; Asthma ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cough ; Humans ; Quality Control ; Spirometry ; Vital Capacity

Granulicatella species are nutritionally variant streptococci first described in 1961. Granulicatella species form a part of the normal flora of the oral cavity, genitourinary tract, and intestinal tract. These micro-organisms cause bacteremia or local infections such as endocarditis, central nervous system infections, arthritis, and osteomyelitis. Since isolation of Granulicatella species is difficult, only a few cases of infection caused by this microorganism have been reported. Herein, we report a case of endocarditis caused by Granulicatella adiacens in a 46-year-old patient with ventricular septal defect.
Arthritis ; Bacteremia ; Central Nervous System Infections ; Endocarditis ; Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Mouth ; Osteomyelitis