The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between coffee consumption and bone status (bone mineral density and bone metabolism-related markers) according to calcium intake level in Korean young adult males. Healthy and nonsmoking males (19-26 years, n = 330) participated in this study. Anthropometric measurements, dietary habits, and nutrient intakes were surveyed. Bone status of the calcaneus was measured by using quantitative ultrasound (QUS). Bone metabolism-related markers including serum total alkaline phosphatase activity (TALP), N-mid osteocalcin (OC), and type 1 collagen C-terminal telopeptide (1CTP) were analyzed. The subjects were divided into two groups based on daily calcium intake level: a calcium-sufficient group (calcium intake ≥ 75% RI, n = 171) and a calcium-deficient group (calcium intake < 75% RI, n = 159). Each group was then further divided into three subgroups based on daily average coffee consumption: no-coffee, less than one serving of coffee per day, and one or more servings of coffee per day. There were no significant differences in height, body weight, body mass index, energy intake, or calcium intake among the three coffee consumption subgroups. QUS parameters and serum 1CTP, TALP, and OC were not significantly different among either the two calcium-intake groups or the three coffee consumption subgroups. Our results may show that current coffee consumption level in Korean young men is not significantly associated with their bone status and metabolism according to the calcium intake level.
Alkaline Phosphatase ; Body Height ; Body Weight ; Calcaneus ; Calcium* ; Coffee* ; Collagen Type I ; Energy Intake ; Food Habits ; Humans ; Male* ; Metabolism ; Miners ; Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 ; Osteocalcin ; Ultrasonography ; Young Adult*

The purpose of this study was to assess the sugars contents of home meal replacement (HMR) products currently sold in Korea. This study surveyed and examined the sugars contents in 835 popular HMRs (294 ready-to-eat foods; RTE, 499 ready-to-cook foods; RTC, 42 fresh-cut vegetables; FCV) through the nutrition labels. The average price, weight and energy content of 835 HMR products were 3,917.5 Korean won, 336.0 g, and 522.7 kcal, respectively. The sugars content per product was significantly higher in the RTCs (13.4 g) and RTEs (10.3 g) than that in the FCVs (4.2 g) (P＜0.001), and the percentage of energy from sugars was 9.7% for the RTEs, 10.2% for the RTCs, and 8.7% for the FCVs without any significant difference. The sugars contents of 9 RTE types were in the order of side dishes (34.3 g), sunsik (22.5 g) and hamburgers (12.1 g) per package. The percentage of energy from sugars was highest in side dishes (28.1%), followed by kimchi (24.9%), sunsik (17.2%), and hamburgers (10.6%). Among 14 RTC types, the sugars contents were in the order of hot dogs (52.9 g), tteokbokki (30.4 g) and noodles (21.2 g) per package. The percentage of energy from sugars was the highest at 22.9% for sauces, followed by side dishes (17.3%), porridges (14.4%), instant stews (14.3%), and hot dogs (13.1%). Strategies and practices are needed to reduce the sugars contents of HMR producers and the sugars intakes of HMR consumers.

Objectives: Bone health in early adulthood, as individuals approach peak bone mass, plays a critical role in preventing osteoporosis later in life. This study aimed to investigate the associations between lifestyle and dietary factors, anthropometric measurements, and urinary bone resorption markers in young adults. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 100 healthy Korean adults (50 men and 50 women) in their 20s and early 30s. Bone mineral density (BMD), anthropometric measurements, dietary intake (24-hour recall), and urinary bone resorption indicators (deoxypyridinoline and N-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen) were analyzed. Variables were compared between the osteopenia and osteoporosis groups (OSTEO group: 30% men and 60% women) and the healthy control group. Results: Men in the OSTEO group were significantly taller than those in the control group (P < 0.05). Women in the OSTEO group had significantly lower body weight and body composition (muscle and body fat) than those in the normal group (P< 0.01). Men in the OSTEO group had a significantly higher intake of animal calcium (Ca) than those in the normal group (P < 0.05). Women in the OSTEO group had significantly higher dietary fiber, vitamin A, Ca, plant Ca, and potassium intake than did those in the normal group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in caffeinated beverage consumption, eating habits, or urinary bone resorption indicators between the OSTEO and control groups of either sex. Conclusions In our study of young South Korean adults, we observed low bone density levels, with particularly low BMD in taller men and underweight women. We found a higher nutrient intake in the OSTEO group, indicating the possibility of reverse causality, a phenomenon often found in cross-sectional studies. Therefore, there is a need to further elucidate dietary factors related to osteoporosis in young adults through prospective cohort studies involving a larger population.

This study aimed to assess the nutritional status and dietary quality of 863 young adults living in one-person households (OH, n=338) and multi-person households (MH, n=525), using the Korean Nutrition Quotient (NQ) for adults. The total NQ score for women in OH was significantly lower than for those in MH. For both men and women, the NQ score for the balance domain was significantly lower in OH than in MH, and the practice domain was significantly lower for women in OH. Regarding the dietary quality in the balance domain, both men and women participants in OH had a significantly lower intake frequency of vegetables, fruits, fish, beans, nuts, and whole or mixed grains than their counterparts in MH, with respect to the moderation domain, the men in OH consumed spicy and salty broth-based foods more frequently than those in MH, while women in OH consumed red meat less frequently than those in MH. With regard to the practice domain, the frequency of heavy drinking was significantly higher among women in OH, while men in OH were more likely to wash their hands before eating than those in MH. These results suggest that young adults living alone are likely to have lower overall NQ scores and exhibit less desirable dietary behaviors. This underscores the need for nutrition support to improve the dietary quality of young adults living alone.

This study aimed to assess the nutritional status and dietary quality of 863 young adults living in one-person households (OH, n=338) and multi-person households (MH, n=525), using the Korean Nutrition Quotient (NQ) for adults. The total NQ score for women in OH was significantly lower than for those in MH. For both men and women, the NQ score for the balance domain was significantly lower in OH than in MH, and the practice domain was significantly lower for women in OH. Regarding the dietary quality in the balance domain, both men and women participants in OH had a significantly lower intake frequency of vegetables, fruits, fish, beans, nuts, and whole or mixed grains than their counterparts in MH, with respect to the moderation domain, the men in OH consumed spicy and salty broth-based foods more frequently than those in MH, while women in OH consumed red meat less frequently than those in MH. With regard to the practice domain, the frequency of heavy drinking was significantly higher among women in OH, while men in OH were more likely to wash their hands before eating than those in MH. These results suggest that young adults living alone are likely to have lower overall NQ scores and exhibit less desirable dietary behaviors. This underscores the need for nutrition support to improve the dietary quality of young adults living alone.

This study aimed to assess the nutritional status and dietary quality of 863 young adults living in one-person households (OH, n=338) and multi-person households (MH, n=525), using the Korean Nutrition Quotient (NQ) for adults. The total NQ score for women in OH was significantly lower than for those in MH. For both men and women, the NQ score for the balance domain was significantly lower in OH than in MH, and the practice domain was significantly lower for women in OH. Regarding the dietary quality in the balance domain, both men and women participants in OH had a significantly lower intake frequency of vegetables, fruits, fish, beans, nuts, and whole or mixed grains than their counterparts in MH, with respect to the moderation domain, the men in OH consumed spicy and salty broth-based foods more frequently than those in MH, while women in OH consumed red meat less frequently than those in MH. With regard to the practice domain, the frequency of heavy drinking was significantly higher among women in OH, while men in OH were more likely to wash their hands before eating than those in MH. These results suggest that young adults living alone are likely to have lower overall NQ scores and exhibit less desirable dietary behaviors. This underscores the need for nutrition support to improve the dietary quality of young adults living alone.

School foodservices serve vegetarian meals to shape healthy eating habits and create environmental awareness among students. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutritional content of vegetarian menus of an elementary school foodservice. We examined 334 vegetarian and 545 non-vegetarian menus at elementary schools in the Chungnam area and compared their food composition and nutrient content. The average number of dishes per vegetarian menu was 7.0, which was significantly lower than the 7.3 items per non-vegetarian menu. The number of staple and dessert dishes on the vegetarian menus was significantly higher than that of non-vegetarian menus. Contrarily, the non-vegetarian menus had a higher number of broths and side dishes than vegetarian menus. Menus comprising grains, meats·fishes·eggs, vegetables·beans, fruits, and dairy products constituted 39.2% of vegetarian and 50.1% of non-vegetarian menus. The dietary diversity score was 4.3 for the vegetarian menu and this was significantly lower than 4.5 for the non-vegetarian menus. In terms of nutrient content and the index of nutritional quality, the vegetarian menus had significantly higher levels of vitamin A and calcium than the non-vegetarian menus. However, the protein and vitamin B 1 levels were lower in the vegetarian menus. Our results suggest a need to develop balanced vegetarian menus and expand education to improve awareness, acceptance, and consumption of vegetables among school-age children.

BACKGROUND: In a health examination program, advice from physician for change of health-related behavior and distribution of health educational pamphlets is routine. This study was done prospectively to analyze factors such as personal general characteristics, results of health examination, health examination satisfaction that relate to change of health promotion attitudes and compliance towards overweight, smoking, heavy drinking, elevated blood pressure, dyslipidemia, chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension. METHODS: The subject population was 689 cases from May 1997 to June 1997 in a general hospital health examination center. After health examination, 60.2%(415 cases) showed personal satisfaction by questionnaire. Three to four months later 78.4%(540 cases) responded to the telephone survey on change of health beliefs, health-related attitudes and compliance. RESULTS: In the telephone survey, 239 cases(46.0%) comprised high compliance group that had positive attitudes toward abnormal health examination results, 145 cases(27.9%) were mid compliance group, and 135cases(26.0%) were low compliance group. In males there was higher frequency of high compliance group than females(p<0.05). According to age, the older, the higher frequencies of high compliance group(p<0.05). In educational level group, the higher the educational level, the lower the frequencies of high compliance group(p<0.01). There was no difference in frequency of each compliance group between symptom motive and non-symptom motive group with each satisfaction group(p>0.05). In positive responders to the correspond advice of physician or health educational pamphlets, the frequencies for quit smoking, reduction of drinking amount, regular exercise, Compliance with taking antihypertensives, blood sugar control, diet control for dyslipidemia, taking antihyperlipidemics were higher(p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Health examination service includirg advice of physician and education changed health belief and influenced positively to health promotion attitudes. Health examination is not only important for early detection of disease but also to promote positive change of health-related behavior. Further studies are needed to understand the changing process of management of health and disease.
Antihypertensive Agents ; Blood Glucose ; Blood Pressure ; Chronic Disease ; Compliance ; Diet ; Drinking ; Dyslipidemias ; Early Diagnosis ; Education ; Health Education ; Health Promotion ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Hypolipidemic Agents ; Male ; Overweight ; Pamphlets ; Personal Satisfaction ; Prospective Studies ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Telephone ; Surveys and Questionnaires

The purpose of this study was to examine the comparison of growth development, bone mineral density and nutrient intakes between double income families' preschool children(DIFPC) and full-time housewives' preschool children(FHPC). Subjects were 111 preschool children. Anthropometric characteristics and bone mineral density in right forearm were measured. The questionnaire was composed of health status, life style, dietary behaviors, and dietary intakes and was completed by the children's mothers. The average age of the DIFPC(n=60) was 53.02 months and that of the FHPC(n=51) was 54.80 months. The birth height and weight of the subjects were 50.47cm and 3.27Kg for DIFPC and 50.85cm and 3.36Kg for FHPC, respectively. The average height, weight, % body fat, and obesity index were 108.50cm, 18.35Kg, 15.35%, 96.71% in DIFPC and 111.46cm, 19.64Kg, 16.80%, 97.31% in FHPC, respectively. The bone mineral density in forearm of two groups were 0.24g/cm2 in all. The infant feeding method was significantly different between DIFPC and FHPC; 58.9% of DIFPC was fed formula, while 44.4% of FHPC was fed breast milk(p<0.05). Proportions of children for their regular meal were 59.4%, 89.6%, and 61.0% for breakfast, lunch, and dinner, respectively. The major reasons for irregular meal were lack of time and poor appetite for breakfast and snacks for lunch and dinner. Most of the children answered they have snack over once a day, and 60.0% have unbalanced diet. The intakes of energy, calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin B1, niacin, and vitamin C did not meet the Korean RDAs. The intakes of K and vitamin A for DIFPC were significantly higher than those of FHPC(p<0.05, p<0.05). In conclusion, double income families' preschool children more have a low frequency of breast feeding and low intakes of micro nutrients, such as K and vitamin A than full-time housewives' ones.
Adipose Tissue ; Appetite ; Ascorbic Acid ; Bone Density ; Breakfast ; Breast ; Breast Feeding ; Calcium ; Child ; Child, Preschool* ; Diet ; Feeding Methods ; Forearm ; Humans ; Infant ; Iron ; Life Style ; Lunch ; Meals ; Mothers ; Niacin ; Obesity ; Parturition ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Snacks ; Thiamine ; Vitamin A ; Zinc

Manganese (Mn) is an essential micronutrient for human and plays an important role as a cofactor for several enzymes involving fatty acid synthesis, hepatic gluconeogenesis, and oxidative stresses. Also, Mn intake status has been reported to have beneficial effects in reversing metabolic dysfunction including obesity and nonalcoholic steatosis which is linked to mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stresses, however, information on dietary Mn intake in Koreans are limited. Hence we investigated the relationship between dietary Mn intake and antioxidant defense factors in healthy and obese subjects. Total of 333 healthy subjects were recruited in the study and were assigned to one of three study groups: a normal group (18.5-22.9), a overweight group (23-24.9), and a obesity group (>25) according to their body mass index (BMI). We assessed Mn intakes (24-hr recall method) and several indicators for antioxidative defenses such as glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and urinary malonaldehyde (MDA). Results showed that body weight and blood pressure of study subjects were increased in dependent of their BMI (p < 0.01). However dietary Mn intakes and oxidative stress biomarkers (GSH, GPx, and MDA) were not significantly different by groups defined by BMI. In correlation analysis adjusting for age, sex and energy intake, dietary Mn intake of the subjects in different BMI categories were not significantly correlated with GSH, GPx, MDA and showed a weak or no association with these oxidative stress markers. In conclusion dietary Mn intake at least in this study has a little or no influence on markers of oxidative status in both healthy and obese subjects.
Adult* ; Biomarkers* ; Blood Pressure ; Body Mass Index* ; Body Weight ; Energy Intake ; Gluconeogenesis ; Glutathione ; Glutathione Peroxidase ; Humans ; Malondialdehyde ; Manganese* ; Micronutrients ; Obesity ; Overweight ; Oxidative Stress*