No Abstract Available.
Hepatitis B e Antigens* ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens*

BACKGROUND: The increase of smoking prevalence in adolescents Is serious problem because of physical and psychological influences furthermore, fixation of smoking habit. This study is aimed at providing applicable basic information to setting up the education programs and strategies to prevent smoking among high school students by analysing smoking behavior and its related factors. METHODS: 835 students from one senior high school in Taegu completed a self administerd questionnaire during school hours in May, 1996. 813 questionnaires with adequate responses were analyzed using SPSS/PC program. All students were asked class years, school satisfaction, school performance score, number of their three best friends who smoke, smoking status of their fathers, religion, allowance, alcoholic drinks, addicting drug use, Zung's self-rating depression scale(SDS) and Zung's self-rating anxiety scale(SAS), Smokers were asked amount of smoking, motives for smoking, when they started smoking, Fagerstrom score. RESULTS: Of the 813 students in the sample 135(16.6%) were current smokers. About the amount of smoking, 59.3% smoked less than 5 cigarettes/day. About the motives of smoking, 34.8% started smoking through the solicitation by friends or for making friends. About when they started smoking, 52.6% started smoking before entrance into senior high school. The related factor with smoking Included class years, school satisfaction, school performance score, numbers of three best friends who smoke, allowance, alcoholic drinking, addicting drug use, SDS. Predictor of smoking were number of three best friends who smoke, number of alcoholic drinking, and allowance. The related factors of nicotine dependency were amount of smoking, allowance, when they started smoking. Predictor of nicotine dependency were amount of smoking, number of three best friends who smoke. CONCLUSIONS: The related factors with smoking included class years, school satisfaction, school performance score, number of three best friends who smoke, allowance, alcoholic drinking, addicting drug use, and SDS. Predictors of smoking were number of three best friends who smoke, number of alcoholic drinking, and allowance.
Adolescent ; Alcoholics ; Anxiety ; Daegu* ; Depression ; Drinking ; Education ; Fathers ; Friends ; Humans ; Male* ; Nicotine ; Prevalence ; Smoke* ; Smoking* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: 1) to construct cohorts according to risk scores calculated with the Gail Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool (Gail et al., 1989) (Gail) and the Breast Cancer Risk Appraisal (Lee et al,. 2003) (Lee) 2) to identify the distribution of risk factors and preventive behavior stages between the cohorts 3) to identify abnormal breast conditions in risk cohort. METHOD: Using convenience sampling, 775 rural women were selected. Risk appraisal was scored using Gail and Lee. Preventive behavior stages for BSE (Breast self examination) and mammography were measured using 4 stages of the Transtheoretical Model (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1983). RESULTS: 1) The risk cohort according to Gail was 12.3% (n=95), and Lee, 3.1% (n=24). 2) There were significant differences in the distribution of risk factors (age, family history, age at 1st live birth, age at menarche, number of breast biopsy, history of breast disease, and breast-feeding) between cohorts. 3) There was a significant difference in the distribution of the stage of BSE according to Lee. 4) Six women in the risk group detected masses or nodules and physician consultation and ultrasonography were recommended. CONCLUSION: On the basis of the constructed cohorts, further longitudinal studies of cohorts are recommended with interventions according to characteristics of cohorts.
Biopsy ; Breast Diseases ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Cohort Studies* ; Female ; Humans ; Live Birth ; Mammography ; Menarche ; Risk Assessment ; Risk Factors ; Ultrasonography

Malignant epithelial neoplasm usually occurs in postmenopausal women, with less than 10% of cases occurring in women under the age of 20. In patients below this age, the majority of ovarian tumors are of germ cell origin and malignant ovarian epithelial tumors are uncommon. We report US & CT imaging in a case of mucinous cystadenocarcinoma in a 17-year-old nullipara who complained of amenorrhea for 45 days and a palpable mass.
Adolescent* ; Amenorrhea ; Carcinoma ; Cystadenocarcinoma, Mucinous* ; Female* ; Germ Cells ; Humans ; Mucins*

Systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE) is the prototypic immune complex disease which involves various organs. Chronic interstitial cystitis and protein-losing enteropathy are uncommon manifestations of SLE and have good response to steroid. Only one case of SLE associated with chronic interstitial cystitis and protein-losing enteropathy has been reported which was resistant to steroid treatment but dramatically responded to cyclophosphamide. We describe a case of a female patient who developed systemic lupus erythematosus associated with chylothorax, interstitial cystitis and protein-losing enteropathy with literature review. This case was initially resistant to steroid but with the addition of cyclophosphamide, chylothorax, chronic interstitial cystitis and protein-losing enteropathy markedly improved. This is the first case of SLE that developed chylothorax as well as chronic interstitial cystitis and protein-losing enteropathy.
Chylothorax* ; Cyclophosphamide ; Cystitis, Interstitial* ; Female ; Humans ; Immune Complex Diseases ; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic* ; Protein-Losing Enteropathies*

Reflex gasping when hanging leads to passive and vigorous vomiting, the mechanical force of which causes gastric mucosa laceration. Mallory-Weiss syndrome is a tear in the gastro-esophageal junction or its adjacent mucosa, and this can occur due to nausea or vomiting that is caused by various etiologic factors. Gastric fundus is the most common site of gastric mucosa lacerations. We report a case of a 41-year-old man, who tried to hang himself and, as a result, caused multiple gastric mucosa lacerations that were treated by an endoscopic hemostatic procedure in the emergency room.
Adult ; Emergencies ; Gastric Fundus ; Gastric Mucosa ; Humans ; Lacerations ; Mallory-Weiss Syndrome ; Mucous Membrane ; Nausea ; Reflex ; Vomiting

To determine the optimum extraction conditions that give the highest yield of isoquercitrin and caffeic acid from Aster scaber, the effects of four extraction variables (solvent concentrations, extraction time, number of repeated extraction, and solvent volumes) on isoquercitrin and caffeic acid yield was examined via HPLC-UV. Our results showed that the highest extract and isoquercitrin yield were observed when A. scaber was extracted with 450 mL distilled water for 8 hr repeatedly for three times. In case of caffeic acid, the content was higher in the two repeated extracts. Also, content analysis of isoquercitrin in Aster species was performed in which A. fastigiatus, A. ageratoides, and A. scaber exhibited the highest isoquercitrin content at 6.39, 5.68, and 2.79 mg/g extract, respectively. In case of caffeic acid, the highest content of A. scaber and A. glehni was 0.64 and 0.56 mg/g extract, respectively. This study reports an optimized method for extraction of isoquercitrin and caffeic acid from A. scaber and evaluates potential sources of the compounds.
Methods ; Water

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate any difference in levels of umbilical venous eryhthropoietin (EPO) and nucleated red blood cells (NRBC) between appropriate for gestational age (AGA) and small for gestational age (SGA) preterm neonates at birth and to evaluate the peripartal factors that influence the secretion of the nucleated red blood cells in preterm neonate. METHODS: 43 preterm singleton neonates born at the gestational age between 27 weeks and 37 weeks of gestation from January 1998 to December 2004 were enrolled and divided into 25 cases of AGA and 18 cases of SGA. At each delivery, umbilical venous blood gas values, concentration of EPO by radioimmunoassay and the NRBC count expressed per 100 white blood cell (WBC) were obtained. The placenta were examined microscopically for the presence of pathologic infarct and inflammation. Statistical analysis was done by Mann-Whitney U test, Fisher exact test, univariate and multiple regression analysis using SPSS statistical package. RESULTS: The median umbilical venous EPO concentration and fetal hemoglobin level in SGA preterm neonates were 48.0 mIU/mL and 15.7 g/dL, which were significantly higher than those in AGA preterm neonates (12.5 mIU/ML, 14.6 g/dL). The median NRBC in SGA group was 8.0 NRBC/100 WBC which was higher than in the AGA group (2.5 NRBC/100 WBC), showing no significant difference between groups. Stepwise multiple regression analysis identified O2 saturation, emergency cesarian section, infarct and inflammation in placental pathology and premature rupture of membranes as independent variables associated with the NRBC count. CONCLUSION: Measurement of the level of EPO and NRBC in umbilical venous blood at birth of the preterm neonates can be used as a helpful index for evaluation of intrauterine hypoxia. In addition, cord blood gas ananlysis and placental examination on the infarct and inflammation are informative value for the elevated NRBC.
Anoxia ; Emergencies ; Erythroblasts ; Erythrocytes ; Erythropoietin ; Fetal Blood ; Fetal Hemoglobin ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Inflammation ; Leukocytes ; Membranes ; Parturition ; Placenta ; Pregnancy ; Radioimmunoassay ; Rupture

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate any difference in levels of umbilical venous eryhthropoietin (EPO) and nucleated red blood cells (NRBC) between appropriate for gestational age (AGA) and small for gestational age (SGA) preterm neonates at birth and to evaluate the peripartal factors that influence the secretion of the nucleated red blood cells in preterm neonate. METHODS: 43 preterm singleton neonates born at the gestational age between 27 weeks and 37 weeks of gestation from January 1998 to December 2004 were enrolled and divided into 25 cases of AGA and 18 cases of SGA. At each delivery, umbilical venous blood gas values, concentration of EPO by radioimmunoassay and the NRBC count expressed per 100 white blood cell (WBC) were obtained. The placenta were examined microscopically for the presence of pathologic infarct and inflammation. Statistical analysis was done by Mann-Whitney U test, Fisher exact test, univariate and multiple regression analysis using SPSS statistical package. RESULTS: The median umbilical venous EPO concentration and fetal hemoglobin level in SGA preterm neonates were 48.0 mIU/mL and 15.7 g/dL, which were significantly higher than those in AGA preterm neonates (12.5 mIU/ML, 14.6 g/dL). The median NRBC in SGA group was 8.0 NRBC/100 WBC which was higher than in the AGA group (2.5 NRBC/100 WBC), showing no significant difference between groups. Stepwise multiple regression analysis identified O2 saturation, emergency cesarian section, infarct and inflammation in placental pathology and premature rupture of membranes as independent variables associated with the NRBC count. CONCLUSION: Measurement of the level of EPO and NRBC in umbilical venous blood at birth of the preterm neonates can be used as a helpful index for evaluation of intrauterine hypoxia. In addition, cord blood gas ananlysis and placental examination on the infarct and inflammation are informative value for the elevated NRBC.
Anoxia ; Emergencies ; Erythroblasts ; Erythrocytes ; Erythropoietin ; Fetal Blood ; Fetal Hemoglobin ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Inflammation ; Leukocytes ; Membranes ; Parturition ; Placenta ; Pregnancy ; Radioimmunoassay ; Rupture

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the theoretical characteristics and direction of inquiry in the discipline of nursing by analyzing doctoral dissertations. METHOD: The materials used in this study were 277 doctoral dissertations from five universities in Korea. The framework for the study was derived from Kim's(1993) alternative linkage among philosophy, theory, and method in nursing science. RESULT: Of the 277 dissertations it was found that there were 13 types of linkages out of a possible 54 types. Most of the dissertations (128 of 277) were done within the linkage of realism/etic/quantitative/explanatory knowledge type. Of the 218 dissertations within scientific realism, 42 were within relativism, and 17 within practicism. There were 134 dissertations of the explanatory knowledge type, 112 descriptive ones, and 31 prescriptive ones. Studies done within the etic quantitative methodology included 209 dissertations and within the emic perspective, 43 with qualitative methodology, and 7 with quantitative. CONCLUSION: The results show that it is necessary to develop more alternative linkages for nursing practice and this will lead to expanding nursing knowledge.
Adult ; Dissertations, Academic as Topic ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Nursing Research/*trends ; Philosophy, Nursing