BACKGROUND: Rapid-sequence intubation is a common technique to reduce anesthetic complication. Due to side effects of succinylcholine, nondepolarizing muscle relaxants have been tried. Rocuronium is a new nondepolarizing muscle relaxant with a brief onset of action, but devoid of the adverse reaction associated with succinylcholine. Most local anesthetics decrease neuromuscular transmission and pontentiate neuromuscular blocks of muscle relaxants. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of lidocaine on the onset time of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade in adults. METHODS: Fourty five patients, ASA physical status I or II, were randomly divided into three groups. Anesthetic induction with thiopental 5 mg/kg was made. Succinylcholine (1.0 mg/kg) was administered intravenously in group 1. Rocuronium (0.6 mg/kg) was given in group 2, additional lidocaine (1.0 mg/kg) was given intravenously 1 minute prior to the administration of rocuronium in group 3. Neuromuscular blockade was assessed by train-of-four at the adductor pollicis muscle with supramaximal stimulation of the ulnar nerve (2 Hz, 0.2 msec) every 10 seconds. The condition of intubation, the appearance of arrhythmias, side effects of drugs, and the changes of mean arterial pressure and heart rate were checked and compared in peri-induction periods. RESULTS: The onset time of group 1 (55.1 14.9 sec) was faster than that of group 2 (137.8 46.0 sec) and group 3 (139.3 41.0 sec), but there was no difference between the onset time of group 2 and that of group 3. Intubating conditions were good or excellent in all groups, but group 1 and 3 were better than group 2. There was no difference between the three groups in hemodynamics. More adverse effects were observed in group 1, that of group 2 and 3 were observed in only one case. CONCLUSIONS: The authors concluded that lidocaine is not effective on the onset time of rocuronium, but improves the intubating condition. Rocuronium is devoid of side effects of succinylcholine, but not a alternative to succinylcholine because its onset time is too slow when compared with succinylcholine.
Adult* ; Anesthetics, Local ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Arterial Pressure ; Heart Rate ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Intubation ; Lidocaine* ; Neuromuscular Blockade* ; Succinylcholine ; Thiopental ; Ulnar Nerve

BACKGROUND: Rapid-sequence intubation is a common technique to reduce anesthetic complication. Due to side effects of succinylcholine, nondepolarizing muscle relaxants have been tried. Rocuronium is a new nondepolarizing muscle relaxant with a brief onset of action, but devoid of the adverse reaction associated with succinylcholine. Most local anesthetics decrease neuromuscular transmission and pontentiate neuromuscular blocks of muscle relaxants. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of lidocaine on the onset time of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade in adults. METHODS: Fourty five patients, ASA physical status I or II, were randomly divided into three groups. Anesthetic induction with thiopental 5 mg/kg was made. Succinylcholine (1.0 mg/kg) was administered intravenously in group 1. Rocuronium (0.6 mg/kg) was given in group 2, additional lidocaine (1.0 mg/kg) was given intravenously 1 minute prior to the administration of rocuronium in group 3. Neuromuscular blockade was assessed by train-of-four at the adductor pollicis muscle with supramaximal stimulation of the ulnar nerve (2 Hz, 0.2 msec) every 10 seconds. The condition of intubation, the appearance of arrhythmias, side effects of drugs, and the changes of mean arterial pressure and heart rate were checked and compared in peri-induction periods. RESULTS: The onset time of group 1 (55.1 14.9 sec) was faster than that of group 2 (137.8 46.0 sec) and group 3 (139.3 41.0 sec), but there was no difference between the onset time of group 2 and that of group 3. Intubating conditions were good or excellent in all groups, but group 1 and 3 were better than group 2. There was no difference between the three groups in hemodynamics. More adverse effects were observed in group 1, that of group 2 and 3 were observed in only one case. CONCLUSIONS: The authors concluded that lidocaine is not effective on the onset time of rocuronium, but improves the intubating condition. Rocuronium is devoid of side effects of succinylcholine, but not a alternative to succinylcholine because its onset time is too slow when compared with succinylcholine.
Adult* ; Anesthetics, Local ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Arterial Pressure ; Heart Rate ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Intubation ; Lidocaine* ; Neuromuscular Blockade* ; Succinylcholine ; Thiopental ; Ulnar Nerve

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to investigate the distribution of plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels as well as the prevalence of dyslipidemia among Korean adolescents. METHODS: We analyzed data for 3,045 adolescents aged 10-18 years (1,622 boys and 1,423 girls) who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys from 2007 to 2010. RESULTS: The mean values of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were 159, 89, 89, and 52 mg/dL, respectively. Plasma cholesterol levels were significantly higher in girls than those in boys (162.1 mg/dL vs. 155.6 mg/dL, P < 0.0001). The 90th percentile values of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-C were 192, 149, 117 mg/dL for boys, and 195, 147, 119 mg/dL for girls. The 10th percentile value of HDL-C was 38 mg/dL for boys and 40 mg/dL for girls. Triglyceride, LDL-C cholesterol levels increased, whereas plasma HDL-C levels decreased with increasing the body mass index (P < 0.0001) in both genders. Total cholesterol levels significantly increased with increasing the body mass index, especially in boys (P < 0.0001). The prevalence of dyslipidemia was 25.2% for boys and 21.7% for girls; this value significantly increased with overweight (37-40%) and obesity (53-56%). Independent predictors (odds ratio) of dyslipidemia were age (1.49), overweight (2.06), and obesity (5.11) for boys; overweight (1.95) and obesity (3.22) for girls. CONCLUSION: Adolescent dyslipidemia is strongly associated with obesity. Lipid screening for overweight or obese youths should be emphasized. Further, longitudinal studies examining the impact of childhood obesity and dyslipidemia on subsequent cardiovascular diseases are needed.
Adolescent ; Aged ; Body Mass Index ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Cholesterol ; Dyslipidemias ; Humans ; Korea ; Lipoproteins ; Mass Screening ; Obesity ; Overweight ; Plasma ; Prevalence ; Triglycerides

Erythromelalgia is a rare neurovascular pain syndrome characterized by a triad of redness, increased temperature, and burning pain primarily in the extremities. Erythromelalgia can present as a primary or secondary form, and secondary erythromelalgia associated with a myeloproliferative disease such as essential thrombocythemia often responds dramatically to aspirin therapy, as in the present case. Herein, we describe a typical case of a 48-year-old woman with secondary erythromelalgia linked to essential thrombocythemia in the unilateral hand. As this case demonstrates, detecting and visualizing the hyperthermal area through infrared thermography of an erythromelalgic patient can assist in diagnosing the patient, assessing the therapeutic results, and understanding the disease course of erythromelalgia.
Aspirin ; Burns ; Erythromelalgia ; Extremities ; Female ; Hand ; Humans ; Neuralgia ; Thermography ; Thrombocythemia, Essential

PURPOSE: Unbalanced diets and decreased physical activity have contributed to increased prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome in adolescents. We have performed a systematic review and data analysis to examine the association between dietary pattern and metabolic syndrome risk factors in adolescents. METHODS: We searched the PubMed and BioMedLib databases for appropriate articles published during the past 10 years and selected 6 articles. The studies reviewed applied factor analysis or cluster analysis to extract dietary patterns. For data analysis, we examined the association between dietary patterns and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome risk factors using data of 3,168 adolescents (13 to 18 years) obtained from 4 consecutive Korean Nutrition Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (1998, 2001, 2005, and 2007 to 2009). RESULTS: Our systematic review confirmed that western dietary patterns are positively associated with metabolic syndrome risk factors such as obesity and elevated triglycerides, while traditional dietary patterns were negatively associated. Data analysis found that the number of adolescents aged 16 to 18 years who had "Rice & Kimchi" dietary pattern decreased, while the number having western dietary patterns increased during the 1998 to 2009 time frame. There were no changes in the dietary patterns in adolescents aged 13 to 15 years. The risk of elevated serum triglycerides and reduced serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol was high in the "Rice & Kimchi" dietary pattern compared to the other dietary pattern groups. CONCLUSION: Because adolescents' dietary patterns are changing continuously and have long-term effects, further studies on the dietary patterns of adolescents and their health effects into adulthood are necessary.
Adolescent ; Aged ; Cholesterol ; Cholesterol, HDL ; Diet ; Humans ; Lipoproteins ; Motor Activity ; Obesity ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Statistics as Topic ; Triglycerides

OBJECTIVES: Children with post-injury attention deficit disorder (ADD) exhibit deficiencies in academic functioning, social skills, and self-control, that are comparable to developmental attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The similarities and differences of the two conditions have to be studied because some children with traumatic brain injury have shown premorbid ADD and seem to be less responsive to psychostimulants. METHODS: Characteristics of cognition and attention of post-injury ADD (n=12) and developmental ADHD (n=12) boys were investigated by administering KEDI-WISC and Visual and Auditory TOVA. RESULTS: No differences in KEDI-WISC subtests were found between two diagnostic groups. Post-injury ADD boys show lower commission error (lower impulsivity) in visual and auditory TOVA, and lower variability of reaction time (higher information-processing consistency) in auditory TOVA than developmental ADHD boys (p<0.05, p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Post-injury ADD and developmental ADHD are different in their attention components suggestively, which warrants further study for differential diagnosis and proper treatment.
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ; Brain Injuries ; Child* ; Cognition ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Humans ; Reaction Time

Objective: This study aimed to determine the tic aggravation event rate and cumulative incidence rate in the use of methylphenidate (MPH) treatment in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the factors that influence tic aggravation. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of children and adolescents aged between 6 to 15 years, who were diagnosed with ADHD from January 2017 to December 2019. A total of 121 subjects were included. The MPH dosage, psychiatric family history, comorbidity and past history of tics were assessed through chart review and the psychological examinations data were included. Collected data were analyzed using Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Results: Tic aggravation event rates without a past history of tics were 2.9% with MPH treatment in ADHD. Past history of tics, total MPH dosage and age were the factors associated with tic aggravation ([HR 21.46, p<0.001], [HR 0.94, p=0.023], [HR 0.79, p=0.021] for each). Cumulative incidence of tic aggravation was different between groups with or without past tic history. When treated with MPH, all tic aggravation appeared within approximately eight months but for subjects with a past history of tic, aggravation showed within approximately six months (p<0.001). Conclusion Tic aggravation event rate was significantly low especially in the group without a past history of tics with the use of MPH in ADHD. However, a thorough assessment of past history of tics, and close monitoring during the first six-eight months of treatment with MPH is needed to avert a potential worsening of tics.

Objective: This study aimed to determine the tic aggravation event rate and cumulative incidence rate in the use of methylphenidate (MPH) treatment in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the factors that influence tic aggravation. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of children and adolescents aged between 6 to 15 years, who were diagnosed with ADHD from January 2017 to December 2019. A total of 121 subjects were included. The MPH dosage, psychiatric family history, comorbidity and past history of tics were assessed through chart review and the psychological examinations data were included. Collected data were analyzed using Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Results: Tic aggravation event rates without a past history of tics were 2.9% with MPH treatment in ADHD. Past history of tics, total MPH dosage and age were the factors associated with tic aggravation ([HR 21.46, p<0.001], [HR 0.94, p=0.023], [HR 0.79, p=0.021] for each). Cumulative incidence of tic aggravation was different between groups with or without past tic history. When treated with MPH, all tic aggravation appeared within approximately eight months but for subjects with a past history of tic, aggravation showed within approximately six months (p<0.001). Conclusion Tic aggravation event rate was significantly low especially in the group without a past history of tics with the use of MPH in ADHD. However, a thorough assessment of past history of tics, and close monitoring during the first six-eight months of treatment with MPH is needed to avert a potential worsening of tics.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of emotional labor, emotional intelligence and social support on job stress in clinical nurses. METHODS: Participants were 123 clinical nurses and data were collected from October to December, 2011 and analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple regression with SPSS 18.0. RESULTS: A positive correlation was found between job stress and emotional labor. Emotional labor showed a significant negative correlation with emotional intelligence and social support, whereas a positive correlation was found between emotional intelligence and social support. The strongest predictor of job stress was emotional labor. In addition, institution satisfaction (dissatisfaction) and the reason for selecting the job (opportunities for service) accounted for 21% of variance in job stress. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that it is important to manage emotional labor as well as to improve job satisfaction in order to reduce job stress in clinical nurses.
Emotional Intelligence ; Job Satisfaction

PURPOSE: Small cell lung cancer is one of the major causes of death from cancer worldwide. To explore the expressions of global protein in small cell lung cancer cells, a proteomic approach, to identify the proteins, was used and the establishment of a protein reference map attempted. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), with subsequent analysis by mass spectrometry (MS), was applied to the study of protein identification from a small cell lung cancer cell line, NCI- H211. The cells were lysed, and the extracts subjected to isoelectric focusing, with immobilized pH gradients, followed by second dimension SDS-PAGE. The polypeptides were identified by peptide mass fingerprinting, with MALDI-TOF MS, after in-gel protein digestion. RESULTS: From silver staining of the gel, around two thousands protein spots were separated by the 2-DE. Of these protein spots visualized in the gel, one hundred and ten were identified by peptide mass fingerprinting. Different proteins, such as enzymes, cytoskeletal proteins and proteins common to eukaryotic cells, were identified. CONCLUSION: The protein expressions of the small cell lung cancer cells were analyzed to establish a protein reference map. The reference map presented here may serve as a working tool for the further study of small cell lung cancer.
Cause of Death ; Cell Line* ; Cytoskeletal Proteins ; Dermatoglyphics ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Eukaryotic Cells ; Humans* ; Isoelectric Focusing ; Mass Spectrometry ; Peptides ; Proteolysis ; Proteome ; Proton-Motive Force ; Silver Staining ; Small Cell Lung Carcinoma*