BACKGROUND: In the Korean Red Cross Blood Center, ABO blood typing are routinely performed only via red cell grouping at blood donations sites. However, when an error occurs in this process, it is impossible to issue a blood product contrary to the result of the blood type of the Blood Laboratory Center, thereby resulting in delayed supply. Therefore, efforts are needed to reduce typing errors at blood donation sites. METHODS: We analyzed 656,786 donor screenings between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2016;we also analyzed the statistical data of donor ABO typing between 2013 and 2015. To reduce ABO typing error, we notified and trained nurses at Busan, Gyeongnam, Ulsan, and Daegu-Gyeongbuk Blood centers in June, 2016. We tried to confirm the improvement of ABO typing error at blood donation sites by comparing ABO typing before and after training. For data comparison, chi-square test was conducted (95% confidence interval, 0.05 significant level). RESULTS: The blood typing error rate was significantly lower (P=0.003) four months after training (0.005%) than before training (0.015%), and the blood typing error rate was significantly higher for the first blood donor (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Educational training for nurses at blood donation sites may be effective in reducing ABO typing error. Continuous and regular training seems to be needed in future to reduce ABO typing error.
Blood Donors* ; Blood Grouping and Crossmatching* ; Busan ; Donor Selection ; Humans ; Red Cross ; Tissue Donors ; Ulsan

BACKGROUND: Quyyumi et al described circadian variation of ischemic eletrocardio-graphic changes and heart rate in patients with and without significant coronary disease in 1985. Rocco et al also described circadian variation of transient myocaldial ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease. They also noted an increse in ischemic eletrocardiographic abnormalities in the morning hours.In recent years the important of circadian variation of cardiovascular phenomena has generated a great deal of interest. Such phonomena include the occurrence of ischemia in patients with both chronic stable angina and variant angina, myocaldial infarction, sudden cardiac death, ventricular arrhythmia and platelet aggregability. METHOD: To examine whether a significant circadain variation of transient myocardial ischemia exists and to better understand the character of such variation, 35 patients with againa pectoris(15 patients treated with nitrate and/or caclcum channel blocker and 20 patients without treatment) underwent 24 hours ambulatory monitoring of ischemic ST segment changes during daily life. RESULT: Only 21% of the episodes of ST depression were accompanied by chest pain. While 79% were asymptomatic. A significant circadian increase in ischemic activity was found with 44% of episodes and 40% of total ischemic time in not treated group, and 52% of episodes and 56% of total ischemic time in treated group, occuring between 6 A.M. to 12 P.M.(P<0.05 respectively) When the distribution of ischemic episodes was corrected for the variable time of waking, the peak ischemic activity was occuring in the 1st and 2nd hours after rising. There were no significant differences in heart rate at onset and heart rate at 1 min before onset. CONCLUSION: Is summary, transient myocardial ischemia in the absence of pain was more common and there were a significant circadian variation of transient myocardial ischemia with peak activity in the morning. In addition most of transient myocardial were not preceded by a rise in heart rate.
Angina, Stable ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Blood Platelets ; Chest Pain ; Coronary Artery Disease ; Coronary Disease ; Death, Sudden, Cardiac ; Depression ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Infarction ; Ischemia ; Monitoring, Ambulatory ; Myocardial Ischemia*

BACKGROUND: Polymerase chain reacation (PCR)-based methods have been described for rapid detection and identification of Candida spp. Multiplex PCR assay was developed using internal transcribed spacers and topoisomerase II gene for the accurate identification of Candida species. METHODS: We designed Dual Specificity Oligo (DSO) primers for multiplex PCR. Multiplex PCR was followed by agarose gel electrophoresis to test 8 type strains (C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. guilliermondii, C. lusitaniae, C. dubliniensis) and 96 clinical isolates (C. albicans 51 isolates, C. parapsilosis 10 isolates, C. glabrata 10 isolates, C. tropicalis 9 isolates, C. krusei 6 isolates, C. guilliermondii 5 isolates, C. lusitaniae 5 isolates) of Candida spp. RESULTS: With multiplex PCR using DSO primers, the eight Candida type strains each could be easily differentiated and all 96 clinical isolates were identified as the same species as were identified by the conventional method. CONCLUSION: Multiplex PCR followed by electrophoresis can be useful for the simple and rapid identification of Candida species in routine laboratories.
Candida* ; DNA Topoisomerases, Type II ; Electrophoresis ; Electrophoresis, Agar Gel ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction* ; Sensitivity and Specificity

Purpose: This study was conducted to examine the effects of an educational program based on mobile SMS and counseling for colonoscopy in elderly people. Methods: The study utilized a non-equivalent control group with a non-synchronized design as a quasiexperimental research. The study subjects consisted of 72 elderly people (36 elderly people in the experimental group and 36 in the control group). Among the subjects, 49 were male (68.1%) and 23 were female (31.9%), and the age was 69.04± 6.14 years. Fortyfive subjects (62.5%) answered that they had underlying diseases, eight subjects (11.1%) had a family history of colon disease, and 61 subjects (84.7%) had undergone a colonoscopy. The experimental group was provided with an educational program based on mobile SMS and counseling when three days and one day before the test. The control group received verbal explanations using information sheet. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Chi-squares test, and the independent t-test with SPSS/WIN 21.0. Results Significant differences were found in bowel cleanliness scores (t= 3.60, p= .003) between the groups. No significant differences were seen between the groups in the sedation drug dosage (propofol (t= 1.02, p= .730), midazolam (t= 0.66, p= .380)) and time for colonoscopy (t= 1.08, p= .235). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, an educational program based on mobile SMS and counseling for colonoscopy was proposed as an educational program before colonoscopy.

No abstract available.
Carcinoma, Small Cell* ; Prognosis*

Background: The quality of a vaccine depends strongly on the effects of the adjuvants applied simultaneously with the antigen in the vaccine. The adjuvants enhance the protective effect of the vaccine against a viral challenge. Conversely, oil-type adjuvants leave oil residue inside the bodies of the injected animals that can produce a local reaction in the muscle. The longterm immunogenicity of mice after vaccination was examined. ISA206 or ISA15 oil adjuvants maintained the best immunity, protective capability, and safety among the oil adjuvants in the experimental group. Objectives: This study screened the adjuvant composites aimed at enhancing foot-andmouth disease (FMD) immunity. The C-type lectin or toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist showed the most improved protection rate. Methods: Experimental vaccines were fabricated by mixing various known oil adjuvants and composites that can act as immunogenic adjuvants (gel, saponin, and other components) and examined the enhancement effect on the vaccine. Results: The water in oil (W/O) and water in oil in water (W/O/W) adjuvants showed better immune effects than the oil in water (O/W) adjuvants, which have a small volume of oil component. The W/O type left the largest amount of oil residue, followed by W/O/W and O/W types. In the mouse model, intramuscular inoculation showed a better protection rate than subcutaneous inoculation. Moreover, the protective effect was particularly weak in the case of inoculation in fatty tissue. The initial immune reaction and persistence of long-term immunity were also confirmed in an immune reaction on pigs. Conclusions The new experimental vaccine with immunostimulants produces improved immune responses and safety in pigs than general oil-adjuvanted vaccines.

This study was designed to test the effects of a full body massage on uterine contraction, length of labor, type of delivery, and drug intervention for primipara during labor. Data were collected using a quasi-experiment method (nonequivalent control group, pre-post test design) from November 1, 2001 to July 31, 2002. The subjects of this experiment consisted of 28 women in the experimental group and 29 in the control group, out of 57 primipara hospitalized at the U OB & GYN hospital in Inchon. The experimental group was given a 20 minute full body massage for each of the three delivery phases (latent, active, and transition). The control group was given conventional delivery care. Three (3) parameters were analyzed in this experiment. (1) The interval, duration, and strength of uterine contraction, using an electric tocodynamometer (2) The elapsed time for stage 1 and stage 2 labor. (3) The types of deliveries and drug interventions, using postpartum medical records The data collected were analyzed using the repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), t-test, and X(2) test of the SPSS program. The results of the experiment are as follows: 1) Uterine contraction interval was signifi- cantly reduced (F=3.210, p=.050). Duration of uterine contraction showed significant increase only during the transition phase (t=-2.319, p=.023). Strength of uterine contraction showed no significant difference. 2) Total length of labor was significantly shortened (t=-5.245, p=.000). The length of 1st stage labor was signifi- cantly shortened (t=-5.164, p=.000), with latent phase showing (t=-4.709, p=.000), active phase (t=-2.973, p=.005), and transition phase (t=-2.031, p=.047). The length of 2nd stage labor showed no significant difference. 3) The number of natural deliveries were significantly increased (X(2)=13.127, p=.004). 4) The number of drug interventions were significantly fewer (X(2)= 4.493, p=.034). In conclusion, this study shows that a full body massage has a significantly positive effect on uterine contraction interval, length of labor, type of delivery, and drug intervention. Therefore, this study suggests that a full body massage be used clinically to help primipara during labor.
Evaluation Studies as Topic ; Female ; Humans ; Incheon ; Massage* ; Medical Records ; Postpartum Period ; Uterine Contraction*

Purpose: The aim of this study was to review our experience with laparoscopic-assisted colectomy (LACs), and to evaluate its feasibility and safety for surgical treatment of colorectal diseases, including cancer. Methods: Between September 2002 and September 2005, a LAC was performed in 58 patients. Of these, 6 cases of conversion to open colectomy were excluded from the analysis. Fifty conventional open colectomy (OCs) with clinicopathologic characteristics comparable to those of the LACs were selected and matched as a control group for comparative analysis regarding short-term oncologic and perioperative outcomes. The mean follow-up period was 13.8 (2~37) months. Results: Thirteen complications, involving 11 patients, occurred. The mean operative time of the LAC was longer than that of the OC (215 min vs. 179 min; P<0.0001). However, earlier restoration of bowel function was achieved in the LAC as measured by postoperative first flatus (2.8 days vs. 3.8 days) and intake of a clear liquid diet (4.7 days vs. 5.8 days). There was no significant difference in hospital stay (LAC vs. OC, 10.2 days vs. 11.8 days). In patients with malignancy, the proximal resection margin in the LAC was significantly shorter than that in the OC (9.2 cm vs. 13.3 cm; P<0.0001). However, there were no significant differences in the mean numbers of harvested lymph nodes (LAC vs. OC, 16.6 vs. 19.3; P=0.4330) and the mean distal resection margins (LAC vs. OC, 6.9 cm vs. 6.0 cm; P=0.1359). There were 3 distant metastases and one local recurrence during follow-up in the LAC group, but no port-site recurrence. Conclusions: In this study, we could not receive an advantage of shorter hospital stay due to the relatively high complication rate for a LAC, which may reflect a learning curve. Earlier postoperative recovery of bowel function and equal pathologic extent of resection in the LAC suggest that the LAC is an acceptable alternative procedure in the treatment of colorectal diseases, including malignancy. More experience with the LAC is necessary to overcome the learning curve. Affirmative long-term oncologic outcomes of are expected for the LAC.
Neoplasm Metastasis

BACKGROUND: The E2F family (E2F1 to E2F6) of transcription factors plays a key role in cell cycle progression. Some act as oncogenes and others act as tumor suppressor genes (TSG) in a tissue-specific manner. E2F4 may function as a TSG. However, the role of E2F4 in breast carcinogenesis remains controversial. Also the clinical impact of E2F2 expression on breast cancer remains unknown. METHODS: Expressions of E2F4 and E2F2 were assessed immunohistochemically in 113 breast carcinomas and were compared with clinicopathological variables, expressions of G1/S checkpoint proteins (p16, cyclin D1 and Rb), and DNA ploidy to identify their possible role and to assess their prognostic value in breast cancer. RESULTS: Expressions of E2F4 and E2F2 were detected in 48 cases (42.5%) and 66 cases (58.4%), respectively. Expressions of E2F4 and E2F2 were significantly correlated with large tumor size (p<0.001) and lymph node metastasis (p<0.001). There was no correlation between expressions of E2F4 or E2F2 and any other variables, including age, histologic grade, DNA ploidy and expressions of p16, cyclin D1 and Rb. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that expressions of E2F4 and E2F2 are associated with growth and spread of breast cancer and indicate poor prognosis.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Carcinogenesis ; Cell Cycle ; Cyclin D1 ; DNA ; E2F2 Transcription Factor* ; E2F4 Transcription Factor ; Genes, Tumor Suppressor ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Lymph Nodes ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Oncogenes ; Ploidies ; Prognosis ; Transcription Factors

No abstract available.
Brain ; Brain Neoplasms ; Demyelinating Diseases ; Multiple Sclerosis