To analyzed the progression of white matter maturation and white matter pathology, MR imaging of the brain was obtained in 38 children with delayed development. Children with developmental delay showed a high incidence of MR abnormalities(34/38, 89.5%). Delayed pattern of myelination and gray-white matter differentiation was seen in 13 patients. Twenty-two patients had white matter patholgy, including 14 with white matter hypoplasia, seven with focal small infarction, five with periventricular leukomalacia, and three with high signal intensities on T2 weighted image. Associated structural abnormalities were also evaluated. The most common lesions in decreasing frequency were cerebral atrophy and dysgenesis of the corpus callosum, pachygyria and/or polymicrogyria, porencephalic cyst and Leigh's disease. Twenty-three of 34 children had multiple abnormalities on MRI. The MRI was useful in depicting the progression of myelination and other white matter lesions, and serial follow-up MR is recommended for patients with delayed or lack of myelination and gray-white matter differentiation.
Abnormalities, Multiple ; Atrophy ; Brain* ; Child* ; Corpus Callosum ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant, Newborn ; Infarction ; Leigh Disease ; Leukomalacia, Periventricular ; Lissencephaly ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Myelin Sheath ; Pathology ; Polymicrogyria ; White Matter*

The common errors in preoperative treatment plan for the orthognathic surgery can be occurred during cast impression, cast mounting procedure with face-bow transfer, surgical stent fabrication, and so on. One of the most common errors exists during mounting process of the model on the articulator. Accurate mounting of dental casts to articulator should be achieved by transferring the 3- dimensional spatial relationship of the maxillary arch to an articulator. A face-bow is used for transfer this relationship to articulator, usually by relating the face-bow to a plane of reference of maxillary cast. The purpose of this study is evaluation of the accuracy of face-bow transferring of maxillary model to the articulator. The maxillary casts of thirty patients for orthognathic surgery were mounted on articulator with an face-bow instrument. The relationship of occlusal plane angle to Frankfort horizontal plane relations were compared the cephalogram with the cast-mounted articulator. As a result of this study, the significant difference between the maxillary occlusal planes angle in the cephalogram and articulator were found . The results were followed,1. The mean occlusal plane angle in cast-mounted articulator was 13.5.(SD+/-5.4).2. The mean occlusal plane angle in cephalogram was 10.4.(SD+/-4.3).3. The mean difference of occlusal plane angle between cast-mounted articulator and cephalogram was 3.3.(SD+/-4.6).According to the result, we should suggest that the occlusal plane angle to Frankfort plane in cast-mounted articulator is more steeper than that of cephalogram.And then, maxillofacial surgeon should try to get a more predictable result by suggesting the proper correction method and mounting the cast accurately.
Dental Articulators ; Dental Occlusion* ; Humans ; Orthognathic Surgery ; Stents

OBJECTIVE: A number of studies to improve in vitro culture conditions have been tried over past ten years by using co-culture system with helper somatic cells. However, the mechanism of coculture is poorly understood. This study was designed to understand the mechanism for the mode of actual action of co-culture system of ICR strain's 1-cell embryos with human oviduct epithelial cells by examining the effect of conditioned medium and contactless coculture using a cell culture insert on the embryo development and by measuring the level of superoxide anion from conditioned medium after co-culture. METHODS: ICR strain's zygote embryos were cultured in medium alone (control), coculture, conditioned medium, or contactless coculture system for 6 days. Conditioned media (CM) were prepared as following 5 groups. All CM were collected after culturing oviduct cells for 2 days. CM-1 was stored at -20degrees C until use, and CM-2 was prepared just before use as a culture medium. CM-3 was cocultured with embryos and retrieved just before use. CM-4 and CM-5 were derives from the microfilteration of CM-2 and CM-3, respectively, using Microcon-10 (10 kDa molecular weight cut-off). The percentage of the embryos developed to hatched blastocyst stage and the level of superoxide anion in supernatant from medium alone culture (control), coculture, and contactless coculture were measured. RESULTS: The rates of embryo development to the hatched blastocyst stage were significantly higher in coculture (43%) than in control (0%) (p<0.05). The CM-1 group had no embryo development since 2-cell embryonic stage, whereas the CM-2, CM-3, CM-4 and CM-5 groups had the improved development to 4 or 8 cell embryo stage, but the similar rate of development to hatched blastocyst compared to control. The effect of coculture on embryo develpment was disappeared in the contactless coculture group. The level of superoxide anion was significantly reduced in coculture group compared to control. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that the present coculture system overcomes the 2-cell block in vitro and improves the embryo development. This beneficial effect may be due to the direct cell-cell contact between embryo and helper cells or the removal of deleterious components from medium rather than the embryotrophic factors.
Animals ; Blastocyst ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Coculture Techniques* ; Culture Media, Conditioned ; Embryonic Development ; Embryonic Structures ; Epithelial Cells ; Female ; Humans ; Molecular Weight ; Oviducts ; Pregnancy ; Superoxides ; T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer ; Zygote

Highly specific and sensitive immunoassay method for soluble human recombinant interleukin-6 (hu rlL-6) was established by two different immunization methods. One is conventional method by Freund's adjuvant method and the other is special method which is directly injected to mouse spleen. Among seven established monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), two typical monoclonal antibodies, designated YB3 (IgG1) and NY2 (IgM), were further characterized. These mAbs highly bound to IL-6, however did not show cross reactivity with IL-1B and IL-2. As the results of ELISA inhibition assay and western blotting method, it was further identified that YB3 and NY2 had high binding specificity with IL-6. And the limiting detection amount of rlL-6 for YB3 was 5 ng/ml and for NY2 was 0.5 ng/ml. Furthermore, N-glycosylated human rlL-6 was also bound to YB3 on ELISA. On the other hand YB-3 furtherly recognized N-glycosylated human rlL-6 by sandwich ELISA method. These mAbs may be of use to diagnose the gynecopathy which contains abortion and preterm labor.
Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal* ; Blotting, Western ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Female ; Freund's Adjuvant ; Hand ; Humans ; Immunization ; Immunoassay ; Interleukin-2 ; Interleukin-6 ; Mice ; Obstetric Labor, Premature ; Pregnancy ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Spleen

OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to evaluate the effect of cervical cerclage and the clinical characteristics in incompetent internal os of the cervix (IIOC). METHODS: A study was conducted on 170 patients with IIOC, 199 cases of IIOC were admitted and treated with McDonald operation or modified Shirodkar operation at department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Il Sin Christian Hospital from January 1. 1994 to December 31. 1998, of this 14 cases were follow up lost, so 185 cases were analyzed. RESULTS: 1) The incidence of IIOC was 0.43%, 1 in 233 deliveries. 2) The mean age of IIOC patients was 30.54yrs old and the most frequent age group was in 30-34yrs old group (43.78%). 3) The average number of gravida and parity before operation were 4.71 and 1.62. & the success rate of operation was low at high gravida & parity. 4) The predisposing factor was previous history of dilation & curettage (43.75%), Cx. laceration after delivery (6.49%), midtrimester termination (4.32%) etc. 5) The operation methods were McDonald operation (91.35%) and modified Shirodkar operation (8.65%) & the success rate of McDonald operation and modified Shirodkar operation were 85.80% and 87.50%. 6) The successful fetal salvage rate was 85.95% and the highest success rate was 87.50% in 14-16 weeks of gestation group. 7) The more cervix dilate, the more failure occurred. 8) The causes of operation failure were premature rupture of membrane (50.00%), preterm labor (34.62%), FDIU, anomaly, APH etc. 9) The delivery methods after operation were vaginal delivery (65.54%), cesarean delivery (34.46%). CONCLUSION: The 14-16th weeks of gestation group & no cervical dilatation have higher success rate indicating that early diagnosis and appropriate timing of operation is associated with a greater operation success rate.
Causality ; Cerclage, Cervical ; Cervix Uteri* ; Curettage ; Early Diagnosis ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gynecology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Labor Stage, First ; Lacerations ; Membranes ; Obstetric Labor, Premature ; Obstetrics ; Parity ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Trimester, Second ; Rupture

We report a case of a 76-year-old woman with elevated serum C-reactive protein levels for two weeks after spinal surgery. ⁹⁹mTc-labeled white blood cell scan and dual ¹⁸F-sodium-fluoride (¹⁸F-NaF) bone positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) were used to detect the site of inflammation. Using non-attenuation corrected images, soft tissue inflammation was detected without metal artifact. Antibiotic treatment attenuated inflammation as seen in an early-phase scan using follow-up ¹⁸F-NaF bone PET/CT. This case demonstrates the role of ¹⁸F-NaF bone PET/CT in the detection of inflammation sites, and can be used to evaluate treatment response in patients with metallic implants.

Conjoined twinning is a rare congenital malformation, accounting for 1% monozygotic twins. Conjoined twins result if twining is initiated after the embryonic disc and rudimentary amniotic sac have been formed and if division of the embryonic disc is incomplete. Recently we experienced a case of conjoined twins, dicephalus dipus dibrachius, who had died at 3 hours of life, and performed autopsy. Autopsy revealed a total duplication of the heads, spines up to sacrum, small bowels, thymus and lungs. Two hearts existed within a common pericardium.
Autopsy ; Head ; Heart ; Humans ; Lung ; Pericardium ; Sacrum ; Spine ; Thymus Gland ; Twins, Conjoined* ; Twins, Monozygotic

An intratesticular simple cyst is a rare lesion. The pathogenesis of such lesions is uncertain. Clinically, an intratesticular simple cyst may be difficult to differentiate from a cystic neoplasm. However, preoperative diagnosis is possible using ultrasonography (US). Testis-sparing surgery with simple enucleation of the cyst has a favorable outcome. We report an intratesticular simple cyst in a 48-year-old male who had a non-tender cystic mass in the right testis for 2 years. The diagnosis was made by preoperative US. The patient underwent a testis-sparing surgery. After simple excision of the cyst, histological examination revealed a simple cyst lined by ciliated cuboidal and columnar epithelium.
Cilia ; Diagnosis ; Epithelium* ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Testis ; Ultrasonography

Sleep Apnea Syndrome is characterized by hypersomnolence, snoring, and sleep apnea. The symptoms of hypothyroidism include apathy, somnolence, lethargy, personality change, and intellectual deterioration and may be related to hypothyroid-related sleep disorders. Central, obstructive, and mixed patterns of sleep apnea may be observed in hypothyroidism. A 60-yr-old man was admitted due to hypersomnolence, snoring and generalized edema. Polysomnogram showed obstructive pattern of sleep apnea syndrome. Neck CT scan revealed narrowing of upper airway which is consistent with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Physical examination and hormonal study also disclosed the evidence of hypothyroidism. We report a case of sleep apnea syndrome due to primary hypothyroidism with review of literatures.
Apathy ; Disorders of Excessive Somnolence ; Edema ; Hypothyroidism* ; Lethargy ; Neck ; Physical Examination ; Polysomnography ; Sleep Apnea Syndromes* ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive ; Sleep Wake Disorders ; Snoring ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of aromatase inhibitor (AI) for ovulation induction in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients with thin endometrium, hyper-responsiveness after clomiphene citrate (CC) treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective study was performed in 43 PCOS patients (50 cycles) with ovulatory dysfunction between March 2004 and September 2004. AI group (total 36 cycles) included the patients 1) with thin endometrium below 6 mm on hCG day after CC (n=17), 2) with more than 5 ovulatory follicles after 50mg of CC (n=4), 3) who do not want multiple pregnancy (n=14). Patients were treated with Letrozole 2.5mg for days 3 to 7 of the menstrual cycle. CC group (total 14 cycles) were treated with CC 50~100 mg. RESULTS: In PCOS patients, ovulation was occurred 97.2% after AI use. Between AI group and CC group, there was no significant difference in the mean age, duration of infertility, interval of menstruation, basal FSH, prior treatment cycles, and the day of hCG administration. But, the number of mature follicles (> or =15 mm) was lower in the AI group (1.08+/-0.45 vs. 1.64+/-0.75) (p=0.018), and the thickness of endometrium (mm) was significantly thicker in the AI group (10.35+/-1.74 vs. 9.23+/-1.61) (p=0.044), and E2 (pg/ml) concentration on hCG day was lower in the AI group (116.9+/-75.8 vs. 479.5+/-300.8) (p=0.001). Among the AI group, patients with prior thin endometrium (below 6 mm) during CC treatment showed 10.6+/-1.6 mm in the endometrial thickness and 106.6+/-66.8 pg/ml in E2 concentration. Patients with more than 5 ovulatory follicles after CC showed decreased follicle number (1.25+/-0.5) compared to prior CC cycle. CONCLUSIONS: In PCOS patients, AI group showed significantly thicker endometrium, lesser number of mature follicles, and lower E2 concentration on hCG day than CC group. AI might be useful alternative treatment for ovulation induction in PCOS patients with thin endometrium and hyper-responsiveness after CC treatment.
Aromatase* ; Clomiphene* ; Endometrium ; Female ; Humans ; Infertility ; Menstrual Cycle ; Menstruation ; Ovulation ; Ovulation Induction ; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome* ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy, Multiple ; Prospective Studies