The purpose of this study was to provide fundamental data by figuring out fatigue differences in patients on hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. The subjects for this study were 49 patients on hemodialysis and 54 patients on peritioneal dialysis at C university medical center in Seoul Results were as follows: 1. The average fatigue score in peritoneal dialysis patients tended to be higher in patients on peritoneal dialysis(42.22) than in patients on hemodialysis(39.41). Peritoneal dialysis patients showed higher score than hemodialysis patients in some general characteristics in groups with male, ones in 20's, 40's, 50's, married, college degree, having religion, having occupation, and not take regular nap. 2. The percents of this subjects with feel fatigue at the time of survey was higher in peritoneal dialysis patients(68.5%) than in hemodialysis patients(57.1%). The percentages of the subjects who feel fatigue in peritioneal dialysis patients was higher than hemodialysis patients, and the high tendencies in peritoneal dialysis patients in were obsemed in groups with male, ones in 30's, to have college degree, periods so of 1-2years in peritoneal dialysis, region, men without occupation, regular exercises, regular nap etc.
Academic Medical Centers ; Dialysis* ; Exercise ; Fatigue* ; Humans ; Male ; Occupations ; Peritoneal Dialysis ; Renal Dialysis ; Seoul

The brachial plexus block by interscalene approach is useful for any procedure on upper extremity, including the shoulder. Complications such as high epidural block, total spinal anesthesia, permanent neurologic damage, phrenic nerve block, cardiac arrest, pneumothorax and Horner's syndrome etc. were reported. Ipsilateral Horner' syndrome can be used for confirmation of the accompanying sympathetic block. We experienced a case of 35-year old male patient who developed ipsilateral Horner's syndrome following the injection of 40ml of 1% lidocaine with 1 : 200,000 epinephrine to brachial plexus by interscalene approach. This compication lasted for 10days after interscalene brachial plexus block.
Adult ; Anesthesia, Spinal ; Brachial Plexus* ; Epinephrine ; Heart Arrest ; Horner Syndrome* ; Humans ; Lidocaine ; Male ; Phrenic Nerve ; Pneumothorax ; Shoulder ; Upper Extremity

Using the APCHE III tool, this study was about the factors related to the death of ICU-patients. From 1999. 12. 1 to 2000. 9. 30, the 284 patients admitted to ICU at P university who were over 15 years of age were selected for the subjets. The data was analyzed through SPSS WIN program for frequency, percentile, x2-test, t-test and logistic regression. The results are summarized as follows: 1) Of the 284 patients, 88died. The mortality is 31.0 percent. The average APACHE III point was 48.62 +/- 32.32. The average point of non-survivors was higher than that of survivors. 2) There are the significant difference between APACHE III marks and mortality. The mortality rate were over 50 percent 60 points of the mark. When the marks were over 100 points, the mortality were over 90 percent. Below 40 points, the mortality was below 10 percent. Among the variables in the APACHE III, the most significant variables in explaining death were neurologic abnormalities, pulse, PaO2/ AaDO2, creatinine, sodium, glucose, chronic health state and age. According to the variables, the models explained the 42.43 percent of the variance in patient's death. In conclusion, the APACHE III tool can be used to predict the progress of ICU patients, and can also be used for the selection of patients for ICU admission/discharge criteria.
APACHE* ; Creatinine ; Glucose ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Mortality ; Sodium ; Survivors

Pulmonary vein velocities have recently been estimated in conjunction with mitral flow velocities to increase our understanding o ventricular filling. The advent of transesophageal echocardiography with pulsed Doppler imaging capability has provided a method by which both the mitral valve and pulmonary vein velocities can be easily recorded because of the posterior approach providing unimpeded interrogation of cardiac structures. The purpose of this present study was to evaluate the normal pulmonary venous, mitral and aortic flow pattern by transthoracic echocardiography in neonate according to the postnatal age. The results were as follows. 1) With regard to the aortic flow, the early systolic was of pulmonary flow peaked after the onset of aortic flow and the late systolic wave occured consistently before aortic valve closure. 2) The peak velocities of early systolic, late systolic, late systolic, diastolic and atrial systolic in the pulmonary venous flow were 36.4 (13.2cm/sec, 45.3 (15.3cm/sec, 48.5 (14.1cm/sec and 16.6( 5.7cm/sec at 1 day old. the difference according to the postnatal age was not significant. 3) The ratio of peak systolic to peak distolic velocity of pulmonary venous flow was 1.0( 0.3 at 1 day o1, 1.1( 0.4 at 1 week old and 1.2 (0.3 at 1 month old. The difference between old and 1 month old was statistically significant(p<0.05). 4) The peak early diastolic velocity of mitral flow was 51.3 (15.2cm/sec at 1 day old, 54.7( 13.7cm/sec at 1 week old and 80.7 (16.6cm/sec at 1 month old. The difference between 1 week old and 1month old was statistically significant(p<0.01). 5) The peak late diastolic velocity of mitral flow was 48.3 (14.6cm/sec at 1 day old, 50.1( 9.9cm/sec at 1 week old and 71.8 (16.6cm/sec at 1 month old. The difference between 1 week old and 1 month old was statistically significant(p<0.01). 6) The ratio of peak mitral early diastolic to peak late diastolic velocity was 1.1( 0.2 at 1 day old, 1.1( 0.3 at 1 week old and 1.2( 0.7at 1 month old. The difference between 1 week old and 1 month old was statistically significant(p<0.01). 7) The peak aortic valve flow velocity was 62.1 (14.2cm/sec at 1 day old, 67.8 13.4cm/sec at 1 week old and 76.6 14.1cm/sec at 1 month old. The difference between old and 1 month old was statistically significant(p<0.05). In conclusion, improvement of left ventricular diastolic function was noted at 1 month old by echocardiography. These normal data will be useful in comprisons with the data, which obtained in newborn with various congenital heart disease that affects flow dynamics.
Aortic Valve ; Echocardiography ; Echocardiography, Doppler* ; Echocardiography, Transesophageal ; Heart Defects, Congenital ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn* ; Mitral Valve ; Pulmonary Veins

No abstract available.
Chorionic Gonadotropin* ; Female ; Humans ; Humans* ; Hypertension* ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Trimester, Second* ; Pregnancy*

BACKGROUND: As anti-retroviral therapy has improved and the life expectancy of patients' with HIV in Korea has increased, an increased number of surgical procedures have been performed in this population. Therefore, in the current study, we investigated the trend in surgery conducted on patients with HIV in our hospital over the last 5 years. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of HIV-infected patients who underwent surgery under general or local anesthesia at our hospital between 2005 and 2010. RESULTS: The total number of surgeries performed in HIV-infected patients in the 5-year period was 95. Of these, 23 (24%) were performed under general anesthesia and 72 (76%) under spinal anesthesia. Anorectal surgery was the most commonly performed surgery (71 cases, 76%). The postoperative complication rate was 5.3% (3 cases of pneumonia and 2 of wound infection), with general anesthesia and time to discharge being identified as contributory factors. Preoperative CD4+ T cell count was not significantly associated with complications. CONCLUSION: This study was the first to analyze the trends in surgical procedures performed in HIV-infected patients in Korea. Our study may be beneficial as a reference for clinicians who manage patients with HIV.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; Anesthesia, General ; Anesthesia, Local ; Anesthesia, Spinal ; Cell Count ; HIV ; Humans ; Korea ; Life Expectancy ; Medical Records ; Pneumonia ; Postoperative Complications ; Retrospective Studies ; Wounds and Injuries

Hepatic fibrosis was induced in Sprague-Dawley rate to evaluate the ultrastructural changes of fat-storing cells (Ito cells). For experimental induction of liver fibrosis, the rats were administered intraperitoneally with 0.5 ml of 50% Ccl4 solution per Kg body weight, twice weekly for 12 weeks. The rats were sacrificed every week. The liver tissues were examined under light and electron microscopes. And the immunohistochemical study of desmin was also performed. The results were summarized as follows: Light microscopic findings: The cellular infiltrations was inflammatory cells and Kupffer cells developed from 1 week after Ccl4 injection, and were the most severe in 4 weeks. The strong immunoreactivity for desmin was also evident in 4 weeks. The centrilobular necrosis and fibrosis developed from 2 weeks after injection, and the necrosis persisted until 8 weeks. The progress of fibrosis was accompanied by decreases in cellular infiltration and reactivity for desmin, and increased gradual nodular formation was also observed. The cirrhosis was developed after 10 weeks. Electron microscopic findings: An increase in number of fat-storing cells was observed from 1 week after injection. Transitional cells characterized by a depletion of lipid droplets and a hypertrophy of the rER appeared after 2 weeks. The number of transitional cells with abundant collagen fibers in the extracellular spaces increased in 4 weeks. With progression of fibrosis the number of fat-strong cells decreased and proliferating fibroblasts with dilated rER were observed. According to these results it was revealed that there was an apparent transition from fatstrong cells to transitional cells and to fibroblasts. These cells had a few similar characteristics and may belong to the same cell population. Thus it was suggested that fatstrong cells might play an important role in hepatic fibrosis.
Animals ; Body Weight ; Collagen ; Desmin ; Extracellular Space ; Fibroblasts ; Fibrosis* ; Hypertrophy ; Kupffer Cells ; Lipid Droplets ; Liver ; Liver Cirrhosis ; Necrosis ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to study the acceptance of disability and influential factors between hemiplegic elderly and non-elderly after stroke. METHODS: Data were collected with questionnaires from 104 elderly and 134 non-elderly with hemiplegia. Data were analyzed by chi-square-test, t-test, ANOVA, ANCOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple regression. RESULTS: Significant predictors of acceptance of disability were family support, activities of daily living, and age, and these factors accounted for 24.2% of variance in acceptance of disability in the hemiplegic elderly. On the other hand, the significant predictors were family support and employment, and these factors accounted for 32.3% of variance in acceptance of disability in the non-elderly. Family support was the most influential variable in both the elderly and the non-elderly. CONCLUSION: An acceptance of disability program for the hemiplegic elderly should be designed differently from that for the non-elderly.
Activities of Daily Living ; Aged ; Disabled Persons ; Employment ; Hand ; Hemiplegia ; Humans ; Stroke ; Surveys and Questionnaires

BACKGROUND: The authors studied to estimate the frequency of irregular antibodies and their significance in blood transfusion and antenatal care in Korea. METHODS: Irregular antibodies were tested by immediate saline spin, 37degrees C albumin and antiglobulin test for 2,008 transfusion candidates and 1,047 pregnant women at Severance hospital using commercial screening and identification cells (Dade, U.S.A.). RESULTS: The irregular antibodies were detected in 38 (1.24%) of total 3,055 subjects (transfusion candidates: 0.9%, pregnant women: 1.91%) . In transfusion candidates, the detected antibodies were Lewis antibodies, cold antibodies (anti-M, anti-P 1), Rh antibodies and unspeified warm antibodies, and their distributions were 56%, 22%, 17%, and 5%, respectively. In pregnant women, the detected antibodies were Lewis antibodies, Rh antibodies, anti-Jra, and unspeified warm antibodies, and their distributions were 45%, 45%, 5% and 5%, respectively. At immediate saline phase, 58% of irregular antibodies were detected. At 37degrees C albumin phase, 90% of irregular antibodies were detected and only 10% of irregular antibodies were detected at antiglobulin phase. CONCLUSIONS: Although the prevalence rates of clinically important irregular antibodies were low, 1/1000 of irregular antibodies could not be detected. Therefore, irregular antibody screening should be performed in all pretransfusion test. And, if antibody detection tests are negative, immediate saline crossmaching methods are acceptable in Korea.
Antibodies* ; Blood Transfusion ; Coombs Test ; Female ; Humans ; Korea* ; Mass Screening ; Pregnant Women* ; Prevalence*

BACKGROUND: The authors studied to estimate the frequency of irregular antibodies and their significance in blood transfusion and antenatal care in Korea. METHODS: Irregular antibodies were tested by immediate saline spin, 37degrees C albumin and antiglobulin test for 2,008 transfusion candidates and 1,047 pregnant women at Severance hospital using commercial screening and identification cells (Dade, U.S.A.). RESULTS: The irregular antibodies were detected in 38 (1.24%) of total 3,055 subjects (transfusion candidates: 0.9%, pregnant women: 1.91%) . In transfusion candidates, the detected antibodies were Lewis antibodies, cold antibodies (anti-M, anti-P 1), Rh antibodies and unspeified warm antibodies, and their distributions were 56%, 22%, 17%, and 5%, respectively. In pregnant women, the detected antibodies were Lewis antibodies, Rh antibodies, anti-Jra, and unspeified warm antibodies, and their distributions were 45%, 45%, 5% and 5%, respectively. At immediate saline phase, 58% of irregular antibodies were detected. At 37degrees C albumin phase, 90% of irregular antibodies were detected and only 10% of irregular antibodies were detected at antiglobulin phase. CONCLUSIONS: Although the prevalence rates of clinically important irregular antibodies were low, 1/1000 of irregular antibodies could not be detected. Therefore, irregular antibody screening should be performed in all pretransfusion test. And, if antibody detection tests are negative, immediate saline crossmaching methods are acceptable in Korea.
Antibodies* ; Blood Transfusion ; Coombs Test ; Female ; Humans ; Korea* ; Mass Screening ; Pregnant Women* ; Prevalence*