It is well known that the spatial patterns of basement membrane[BM] components show a close correlation with the morphogenetic process in developing organs during pre- and postnatal period. But little is known about the chronological changes in BM components during the development of thyroid gland. To investigate the correlation of the distribution of BM components with the development of the thyroid gland, immunohistochemical localization of the BM components was performed, using rat fetuses[from 15 to 21 days of gestation] and pups[from 1 to 14 days]. According to the histological features with H.E. staining, prenatal development[El5-21] of the rat thyroid could be divided into 3 representative stages : 1] Undifferentiated primordium of thyroid epithelia, forming cell cords or cell nests [until El5 day]. 2] An intervening stage of cell proliferation with the pattern of lobulation[El6-17 days]. 3] Stage of maturing follicles[El8-21 days]. It could be concluded that differentiation of the thyroid follicle are terminated during the prenatal period and growth in size and number occurs during the first two weeks after birth. By the immunohistochemical localization of laminin[LM], fibronectin[FN], type IV collagen[CIV], the basement membranes investing thyroid follicles could be clearly delineated at 15 days of gestation. Reactivity for LN and CIV associated with BM increased with advancing development, while that of FH was apparently weakened during the 2 weeks after birth. On the other hand immunoreactivity for CIV in the same age group increased, compared to that of previous swage of development. These results indicate that BM components were expressed in distinct spatial patterns with advancing development of thyroid gland. Based on these observations, it could be concluded that these BM components are important determinants in epithelial growth and differentiation during thyroid development.
Animals ; Basement Membrane* ; Cell Proliferation ; Collagen Type IV ; Fibronectins ; Hand ; Humans ; Laminin ; Parturition ; Pregnancy ; Rats* ; Thyroid Gland*

This study aimed to provide basic data for promoting healthy food choices by evaluating the energy and nutrient content of ready-to-cook or ready-to-heat home meal replacement snacks. Eight hundred and ninety-four flour-based home meal replacement (HMR) products were analyzed, including 367 noodle dishes, 230 tteokbokki products, and 297 dumpling items. The serving sizes were determined by the product labeling. If not indicated, the total weight was used as the serving size if it could be considered a single serving. A serving size of 150 g was applied to dumplings sold in large packages. The average serving size was 249.9 g for noodles and 210.0 g for tteokbokki. The energy content varied significantly: noodles, tteokbokki, and dumplings had 439.8 kcal, 433.0 kcal, and 292.7 kcal, respectively (P＜0.001). The carbohydrate content were higher in noodles (87.9 g) and tteokbokki (87.6 g) compared to dumplings (32.0 g) (P＜0.001), while the sugar content was highest in tteokbokki (13.5 g) (P＜0.001). The protein content was highest in noodles (11.7 g), followed by dumplings (10.9 g) and tteokbokki (9.9 g) (P＜0.001). The sodium content was highest in noodles (1,777.9 mg), followed by tteokbokki (1,152.3 mg) and dumplings (583.7 mg) (P＜0.001). The price per serving was highest for noodles (3,303.9 KRW) (P＜0.001). The nutrient content varied within the same product type depending on the flavor, temperature (hot vs. cold), and whether a broth was included.These findings highlight the considerable differences in nutritional profiles among HMR snack foods and underscore the importance of selecting products based on their intended dietary use.

This study aimed to provide basic data for promoting healthy food choices by evaluating the energy and nutrient content of ready-to-cook or ready-to-heat home meal replacement snacks. Eight hundred and ninety-four flour-based home meal replacement (HMR) products were analyzed, including 367 noodle dishes, 230 tteokbokki products, and 297 dumpling items. The serving sizes were determined by the product labeling. If not indicated, the total weight was used as the serving size if it could be considered a single serving. A serving size of 150 g was applied to dumplings sold in large packages. The average serving size was 249.9 g for noodles and 210.0 g for tteokbokki. The energy content varied significantly: noodles, tteokbokki, and dumplings had 439.8 kcal, 433.0 kcal, and 292.7 kcal, respectively (P＜0.001). The carbohydrate content were higher in noodles (87.9 g) and tteokbokki (87.6 g) compared to dumplings (32.0 g) (P＜0.001), while the sugar content was highest in tteokbokki (13.5 g) (P＜0.001). The protein content was highest in noodles (11.7 g), followed by dumplings (10.9 g) and tteokbokki (9.9 g) (P＜0.001). The sodium content was highest in noodles (1,777.9 mg), followed by tteokbokki (1,152.3 mg) and dumplings (583.7 mg) (P＜0.001). The price per serving was highest for noodles (3,303.9 KRW) (P＜0.001). The nutrient content varied within the same product type depending on the flavor, temperature (hot vs. cold), and whether a broth was included.These findings highlight the considerable differences in nutritional profiles among HMR snack foods and underscore the importance of selecting products based on their intended dietary use.

This study aimed to provide basic data for promoting healthy food choices by evaluating the energy and nutrient content of ready-to-cook or ready-to-heat home meal replacement snacks. Eight hundred and ninety-four flour-based home meal replacement (HMR) products were analyzed, including 367 noodle dishes, 230 tteokbokki products, and 297 dumpling items. The serving sizes were determined by the product labeling. If not indicated, the total weight was used as the serving size if it could be considered a single serving. A serving size of 150 g was applied to dumplings sold in large packages. The average serving size was 249.9 g for noodles and 210.0 g for tteokbokki. The energy content varied significantly: noodles, tteokbokki, and dumplings had 439.8 kcal, 433.0 kcal, and 292.7 kcal, respectively (P＜0.001). The carbohydrate content were higher in noodles (87.9 g) and tteokbokki (87.6 g) compared to dumplings (32.0 g) (P＜0.001), while the sugar content was highest in tteokbokki (13.5 g) (P＜0.001). The protein content was highest in noodles (11.7 g), followed by dumplings (10.9 g) and tteokbokki (9.9 g) (P＜0.001). The sodium content was highest in noodles (1,777.9 mg), followed by tteokbokki (1,152.3 mg) and dumplings (583.7 mg) (P＜0.001). The price per serving was highest for noodles (3,303.9 KRW) (P＜0.001). The nutrient content varied within the same product type depending on the flavor, temperature (hot vs. cold), and whether a broth was included.These findings highlight the considerable differences in nutritional profiles among HMR snack foods and underscore the importance of selecting products based on their intended dietary use.

PURPOSE: To evaluate two different heel lancet device in terms of pain response and success of the procedure in the preterm infants undergoing heel puncture. METHODS: 100 preterm infants undergoing capillary blood gas analysis or capillary bilirubin monitoring underwent heel puncture, were randomly allocated to blood sampling from the heel with either a conventional manual lancet or an automatic incision device. Primary outcome measures included the Premature Infants Pain Profile (PIPP) score, total duration of procedure, number of heel puncture and number of bruise. The pain response was evaluated using PIPP score and the effectiveness was evaluated using three criteria: total duration of blood sampling, number of puncture, bruising of the heel or ankle. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS ver. 13.0 program. Difference between the groups were analysed with t test (continuous variables) and the Chi square test or Fisher test (categorical variables). RESULTS: The mean PIPP score was 4.91 for the automatic lancet group compared with 5.84 for the conventional manual lancet group (P=0.0255).The number of pain scores above 7 during blood collection did not differ between two groups (P=0.2167). The procedure took less time to perform in the automatic lancet group (mean, 30.69 seconds) than in the conventional lancet group (mean, 48.92 seconds) (P<0.0001). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that the automatic lancet device causes less pain and a shorter procedure time than the conventional manual lancet in preterm infants undergoing heel puncture. On the basis of these results the automatic lancet device is very useful method for blood collection in preterm infants by heel puncture.
Animals ; Ankle ; Bilirubin ; Blood Gas Analysis ; Capillaries ; Contusions ; Heel ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Outcome Assessment (Health Care) ; Punctures

PURPOSE: To evaluate two different heel lancet device in terms of pain response and success of the procedure in the preterm infants undergoing heel puncture. METHODS: 100 preterm infants undergoing capillary blood gas analysis or capillary bilirubin monitoring underwent heel puncture, were randomly allocated to blood sampling from the heel with either a conventional manual lancet or an automatic incision device. Primary outcome measures included the Premature Infants Pain Profile (PIPP) score, total duration of procedure, number of heel puncture and number of bruise. The pain response was evaluated using PIPP score and the effectiveness was evaluated using three criteria: total duration of blood sampling, number of puncture, bruising of the heel or ankle. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS ver. 13.0 program. Difference between the groups were analysed with t test (continuous variables) and the Chi square test or Fisher test (categorical variables). RESULTS: The mean PIPP score was 4.91 for the automatic lancet group compared with 5.84 for the conventional manual lancet group (P=0.0255).The number of pain scores above 7 during blood collection did not differ between two groups (P=0.2167). The procedure took less time to perform in the automatic lancet group (mean, 30.69 seconds) than in the conventional lancet group (mean, 48.92 seconds) (P<0.0001). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that the automatic lancet device causes less pain and a shorter procedure time than the conventional manual lancet in preterm infants undergoing heel puncture. On the basis of these results the automatic lancet device is very useful method for blood collection in preterm infants by heel puncture.
Animals ; Ankle ; Bilirubin ; Blood Gas Analysis ; Capillaries ; Contusions ; Heel ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Outcome Assessment (Health Care) ; Punctures

Cutaneous lung tissue heterotopia is a very rare disorder where mature lung tissues develop in the skin. This is only the second known report of cutaneous lung tissue heterotopia, with the first by Singer et al. in 1998. A newborn infant had a hemangioma-like, freely movable mass connected to the anterior aspect of the sternal manubrium. Pathologic findings showed mature lung tissues with bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli through the dermis and subcutis, and it was diagnosed as cutaneous lung tissue heterotopia. Cutaneous lung tissue heterotopia is hypervascular, so grossly it looks like a hemangioma. It can be differentiated from pulmonary sequestration, teratoma, bronchogenic cyst, and branchial cleft cyst by histology and the location of the mass. We describe the clinical, radiologic, and pathologic findings of a cutaneous lung tissue heterotopia, the first reported in Korea.
Branchioma/pathology/surgery ; Bronchogenic Cyst/pathology/surgery ; Choristoma/*pathology/surgery ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; *Lung ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Republic of Korea ; Skin Diseases/*pathology/surgery ; Skin Neoplasms/pathology ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

PURPOSE: This study investigated the effects of early enteral feeding on the morbidities of extremely low birth weight infants (ELBWI) weighing less than 1,000 g. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of the medical records of sixty one ELBWI who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of Inje University Busan Paik Hospital from January 2007 to October 2009. ELBWI were divided into two groups; the control group included ELBWI from January 2007 to March 2008, for whom enteral feeding was started beyond 3 days and the early feeding group included ELBWI from April 2008 to October 2009, for whom enteral feeding was started within 3 days. RESULTS: Gestational age and birth weight did not differ between the two groups. In the early feeding group, start day of enteral feeding (control group vs. early feeding group; 7+/-2days vs. 2+/-1days), time to achieve full enteral feeding (68+/-6 days vs. 22+/-2 days), and the duration of parenteral nutrition (58+/-6 days vs. 22+/-2 days) were significantly shorter, and weight gain at postnatal day 28 was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.001). No differences were observed in the incidence of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis and duration of hospitalization; however, the incidence of total parenteral nutrition induced cholestasis (44% vs. 7%) and bronchopulmonary dysplsia (78% vs. 24%) was significantly lower in the early feeding group. CONCLUSION: Early enteral feeding in ELBWI shortened the time to achieve full enteral feeding, improved weight gain, and decreased the incidence of brochopulmonay dysplasia and cholestasis.
Birth Weight ; Cholestasis ; Enteral Nutrition ; Enterocolitis, Necrotizing ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Infant, Low Birth Weight ; Infant, Newborn ; Intensive Care, Neonatal ; Medical Records ; Parenteral Nutrition ; Parenteral Nutrition, Total ; Retrospective Studies ; Sepsis ; Weight Gain

INTRODUCTIONThis study was conducted to provide an overview of the community-based hypertension and diabetes control programme of 19 cities in Korea and to evaluate its effectiveness in controlling hypertension at the community level.

MATERIALS AND METHODSIn this longitudinal observational study, we analysed the data of 117,264 hypertensive patients aged ≥65 years old from the time of their first enrolment in July 2012 to October 2013 (up to their 2-year follow-up).

RESULTSThe hypertension control rate of 72.5% at the time of enrolment increased to 81.3% and 82.4% at 1 and 2 years after enrolment. Treatment continuity, completion of hypertension self-management education, and longer enrolment duration in the programme contributed to improvements in hypertension control rate.

CONCLUSIONThis programme was characterised by a public health-clinical partnership at the community level. Despite its simplicity, the programme was evaluated as a successful attempt to control hypertension among patients aged >65 years at the community level.

Aged ; Community Networks ; Humans ; Hypertension ; drug therapy ; Longitudinal Studies ; Patient Education as Topic ; Program Evaluation ; Republic of Korea ; Self Care

PURPOSE: With the increasing use of antenatal sonography, fetal hydronephrosis has been reported more frequently. But, despite extensive clinical and scientific research much controversy still exists about the assessment and management of hydronephrosis. We performed a retrospective study to determine the frequency of associated malformations and chromosomal defects in prenatally diagnosed hydronephrosis. METHODS: The records of 297 neonates who were diagnosed with hydronephrosis through antenatal ultrasonographic screening, were retrospectively analyzed. They were confirmed at 3 days to 1 month after birth with postnatal ultrasonography in Busan Paik Hospital, between January 2000 and December 2008. We karyotyped 297 neonates after ultrasonographic examination revealed hydronephrosis and malformations. RESULTS: Chromosomal abnormalities were detected in 31 (11%) cases of 297 cases and more common in female than male. The commonest chromosomal abnormality was trisomy 21, followed by Turner syndrome, deletion of autosome, unbalanced translocation. 127 cases in 109 infants had associated malformations such as urogenital and cardiovascular and gastrointestinal anomalies. The associated malformations were more common in moderate to severe hydronephrosis than mild and the number of additional abnormalities increased with the chromosomal defects. CONCLUSION: Particular attention should be paid for the cases in congenital hydronephrosis with any associated malformation such as urogenital and cardiac malformation, to investigate chromosomal abnormalities. This will enable clinicians to establish appropriate management and postnatal care.
Chromosome Aberrations ; Down Syndrome ; Female ; Humans ; Hydronephrosis ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Mass Screening ; Parturition ; Postnatal Care ; Retrospective Studies ; Turner Syndrome