PURPOSE: This study was performed to identify the relationship between PMS and sex role. METHOD: Data were collected from 417 female college students in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do area during the period from the 6th of September to the 15th of October in 2004. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS WIN 11.0. RESULT: The results of this study were as follows: 1) Perceived subjective symptoms were clustered endogenous depressive feature (2.76+/-.97), anxiety (2.76+/-1.09), and impulsivity (2.72+/-1.02). 2) PMS was significantly different according to the general characteristics of menarche age (F=5.910, p=.003), pain (F=7.886. p=.000) and family history (F=5.366, p=.005), masculinity was significantly different according to menarche age (F=3.174, p=.043), and femininity was significantly different according to menarche age (F=3.742, p=.025) and pain (F=3.256. p=.040). 3) Femininity and PMS were in a positive correlation with each other (r=.623. p=.000). CONCLUSION: This results showed that there is a significant correlation between PMS and sex role. For future research, it is recommended to identify major factors affecting PMS and the relationships between them and various subjects.
Anxiety ; Female ; Femininity ; Gender Identity* ; Gyeonggi-do ; Humans ; Impulsive Behavior ; Masculinity ; Menarche ; Premenstrual Syndrome* ; Seoul

After application of silver nitrate on every newborn, the incidence of gonococcal conjunctivitis was markedly decreased. But recently neonatal conjunctivitis due to chlamydial infection is increasing, so clinical observation was made on 26 newborn infants who showed eye discharge from June 1st to August 31st 1989. The results were as follows. 1. The incidence of chlamydial infection among neonatal conjunctivitis was 34.6%. 2. The most common age at diagnosis was 6-15days of life and there was no secual preponderance. 3. There was no significant difference on clinical symptoms between chlamydial conjunctivitis and other conjunctivitis. 4. Of 26 infants examined, 16 cases revealed no growth on routine bacterial culture. Of the organism cultured, P. aeruginosa was the most common agent (19.2%) and followed by S. aureus (11.5%) and S. epidermidis (7.6%). In one case of chlamydial conjunctivitis, there was concurrent S. aureus infections. 5. On this study, Giemsa stain did not give significant diagnostic aid of chlamydial conjunctivitis.
Azure Stains ; Conjunctivitis* ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Incidence* ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn* ; Silver Nitrate

No abstract available.
Hemophilia A*

No abstract available.
Angina, Stable* ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha*

PURPOSE: To investigate audiometery and characteristics related to tinnitus in tinnitus patients. and to understand the relationship between the discomfort of tinnitus and the quality of life. Methods: The subjects were 110 patients with tinnitus. The data were collected using tinnitus handicap questionnaire. quality of life, and pure tone audiometry, which measured hearing level in dB and frequency in Hz matching of tinnitus. RESULTS: Majority of tinnitus patients (75.5%~81.8%) had normal auditory sensation. but 82.7% of patients indicated that they have heard tinnitus frequently. or always, and the major sounds of tinnitus were wing, wung, wang, The matching sounds of tinnitus had various range in hearing level(dB) and frequency(Hz). Tinnitus patients reported moderate levels of the discomfort of tinnitus and the quality of life, and there were negative correlation between the discomfort of tinnitus and the quality of life(r=-.314, p .00l). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that special attention is needed for tinnitus patients because the physical. psychological. and social impacts of tinnitus could be decrease their quality of life, Specialized nursing intervention considering specific conditions related to tinnitus is required to solve various health problems of tinnitus patients.
Audiometry ; Hearing ; Humans ; Nursing ; Quality of Life* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Sensation ; Social Change ; Tinnitus*

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of individual cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for Patients with Primary or Secondary Insomnia. METHODS: Participants were recruited from a primary care sleep clinic from January 2008 to June 2009. The study sample included 64 outpatients with primary insomnia (n=30) and secondary insomnia (n=34) according to the criteria of DSM-IV. Participants completed sleep diaries, Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep Scale-16 (DBAS), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) before CBT and shortly after completion of CBT. CBT was provided in 7 weekly, 40-50-minute individual therapy sessions. RESULTS: Both groups of patients with primary and secondary insomnia showed significant improvement in the DBAS and sleep parameters including sleep onset latency, total sleep time, and sleep efficiency. Repeated-measures ANOVA of the DBAS and sleep parameters showed no significant group-by-time interactions between patients with primary and secondary insomnia, suggesting the efficacy of CBT for patients with secondary insomnia was equivalent to that of CBT for patients with primary insomnia. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that CBT is effective for the management of primary and secondary insomnia in a primary care setting.
Anxiety ; Cognitive Therapy ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Humans ; Outpatients ; Primary Health Care ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders

Primary sclerosing cholangitis is a chronic disease of unknown cause, characterized by inflammation and fibrosis of the biliary tree with diffuse multifocal stricture formation. With increasing knowledge of primary sclerosing cholangitis, it is now recognized that in the setting of inflammatory bowel disease, cholangiocarcinoma is a complication of primary sclerosing cholangitis. We recently experienced a case of 41 year old female patient who had Crohns disease associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis and cholangioearcinoma. We report a case of primary sclerosing cholangitis with cholangiocarcinoma with literature review.
Adult ; Biliary Tract* ; Cholangiocarcinoma* ; Cholangitis, Sclerosing* ; Chronic Disease ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Crohn Disease ; Female ; Fibrosis ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ; Pancreas*

PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to identify the frequencies and the risk factors of microvascular complications in subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus METHODS: The frequencies and their relation to risk factors of microvascular complications were analyzed in 29 type 1 diabetes mellitus subjects with duration of disease more than 5 years. Microvascular disease was defined as the presence of either retinopathy, microalbuminuria or neuropathy. RESULTS: The overall prevalence rate of microvascular disease was 8/29(27.6%). Retinopathy has developed in 3 patients(10.3%), microalbuminuria in 7 patients(24.0 %) and neuropathy in 5 patients(17.2%). The mean HbA1C was significantly higher in the patients with microvascular complications(11.6+/-.2% in microvascular complication group vs 9.3+/-.6% in control group). CONCLUSION: In childhood onset type 1 diabetes mellitus, poor glycemic control is an important risk factor for microvascular complications.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1* ; Humans ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the perception about the elderly among undergraduate students interested in the elderly care business. METHOD: In this descriptive research, a total of 183 undergraduate students were participated. The instrument was consisted of a 18-item semantic differential scale developed by Sanders et al (1984). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe test, Pearson's correlation coefficients by SPSS 18.0. RESULT: Undergraduate students' perception about the elderly was slightly positive(2.98+/-1.51). The significant factors associated with the perception about the elderly were gender, age, present residing state with the elderly, experience of residing with the elderly at the past. Male students' perception about the elderly was more positive than female. Among 18 items, 'wise' and 'knowledgeable' was highly related to the perception about the elderly(r=.671, p=.001). CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that the items of optimistic, attractive, flexible and good were the impressive perceptions about the elderly for the undergraduate students. The result of this study can be utilized to promote perception about the elderly among undergraduate students.
Aged ; Commerce ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Semantic Differential

No abstract available.
Cytomegalovirus Infections* ; Cytomegalovirus*