From April 2009 onward, a new strain of human H1N1 influenza virus has swept over the world. The genome of influenza virus consists of 8 segments, encoding 10 proteins, respectively. The reassortments among the 8 segments cause the variation of influenza virus. Therefore, phylogenetic analysis of the 8 genes is very important. In this paper, we choose neighboring word frequency as the genomic features, using VC++ programming to analyze evolution of the 8 segments of H1N1 virus. As a result, we found that PB2 genes and PA genes of these three isolated virus were originated from North American avian influenza virus, that PB1 genes were originated from the seasonal influenza virus of human, and that HA genes, NS genes and NP genes came from the North American classical swine influenza A virus. The NA segments and M segments were originated from the European swine influenza virus.
Cloning, Molecular ; Genes, Viral ; Genome, Viral ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ; genetics ; Influenza, Human ; epidemiology ; virology ; Mexico ; epidemiology ; Phylogeny ; Reassortant Viruses ; genetics ; United States ; epidemiology

BACKGROUND: Asthma has increased in various regions of the world. The factors associated with the growth in prevalence are still to be determined. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the degree of association of the prevalence of asthma with passive smoking and obesity in school-children in western Mexico. METHODS: A population-based cross-section analytic study. A stratified random sample of 740 primary school pupils of between 6 and 12 years of age was chosen. Asthma, passive smoking and a background of allergic diseases were identified by means of a standardized questionnaire filled out by the parents of the participants. Obesity was identified by means of the body mass index. Proportional sections of population were estimated and the degree of association between asthma (dependent variable) and the independent variables was evaluated by means of multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: The following factors of prevalence were found: asthma 8.1%; obesity 19.9%; background of smoking in the father 6.7% and in the mother 13.3%. There was no significant association to be found with asthma in either passive smoking where one of the parents smoked (p = 0.39) or in obesity (p = 0.09). On the other hand, the background of allergic diseases in the mother showed statistically significant association with asthma in the boys (odds ratio = 3.5, 95% confidence interval 1.4 to 8.59), but not in the girls. CONCLUSION: With the exception of the maternal background of allergy, neither obesity nor passive smoking are factors associated with asthma in Mexican children.
Asthma ; Body Mass Index ; Child ; Epidemiology ; Fathers ; Female ; Hand ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Logistic Models ; Mexico ; Mothers ; Obesity ; Parents ; Prevalence ; Pupil ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution

We examined stool specimens of the residents in the emigration camp in Tijuana, Mexico for helminth eggs or protozoan cysts with formalin-ethyl acetate concentration method in February and July 1992. Out of 92 examined samples, number of positive was 49 (53.3%). While number of cumulative positive was 66 (71.7%). Cysts of Entamoeba coli (29.3%) Giardia lamblia (9.8%), Entamoeba histolytica (7.6%), and eggs of Taenia spp. (6.5) were most frequently observed. Filtered water supply and chemotherapy were required in this camp.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Animals ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Concentration Camps ; *Emigration and Immigration ; Eukaryota/isolation & purification ; Feces/parasitology ; Female ; Helminths/isolation & purification ; Humans ; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/*epidemiology/parasitology ; Male ; Mexico/epidemiology ; Middle Aged

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), an Alphacoronavirus in the family Coronaviridae, causes acute diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, and high mortality rates in neonatal piglets. PEDV can also cause diarrhea, agalactia, and abnormal reproductive cycles in pregnant sows. Although PEDV was first identified in Europe, it has resulted in significant economic losses in many Asian swine-raising countries, including Korea, China, Japan, Vietnam, and the Philippines. However, from April 2013 to the present, major outbreaks of PEDV have been reported in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Moreover, intercontinental transmission of PEDV has increased mortality rates in seronegative neonatal piglets, resulting in 10% loss of the US pig population. The emergence and re-emergence of PEDV indicates that the virus is able to evade current vaccine strategies. Continuous emergence of multiple mutant strains from several regions has aggravated porcine epidemic diarrhea endemic conditions and highlighted the need for new vaccines based on the current circulating PEDV. Epidemic PEDV strains tend to be more pathogenic and cause increased death in pigs, thereby causing substantial financial losses for swine producers. In this review, we described the epidemiology of PEDV in several countries and present molecular characterization of current strains. We also discuss PEDV vaccines and related issues.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Canada ; China ; Coronaviridae ; Dehydration ; Diarrhea* ; Disease Outbreaks ; Epidemiology* ; Europe ; Genetics ; Humans ; Japan ; Korea ; Mexico ; Mortality ; Philippines ; Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus ; Swine ; United States ; Vaccines* ; Vietnam ; Vomiting