PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to obtain a clearer understanding of spirituality and examine the process of spirituality through defining the meaning and attributes of spirituality. METHOD: Concept analysis was done in the three phases, theoretical phase, fieldwork phase, and analytical phase suggested in the Hybrid Model. Five people participated in the fieldwork phase. RESULTS: Spirituality is activated through self-awareness which occurs as spirit being activated through self-introspection, and through restoration of the relationship with Supreme Being. This interconnectedness with Supreme Being has an absolute impact on one's harmonious interconnectedness with self and neighbors, thus leads all the critical attributes of spirituality to be revealed. The core energy of this harmonious interconnectedness is love. When activated, it has a great impact on an individual as integrative energy, leads one to go beyond everyday experience as well as to have new perspectives, and to live a satisfactory life in every aspect. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that promotion of connectedness is the most important element in spiritual nursing interventions. The results can also be used effectively in developing spirituality assessment scales and theory.
*Spirituality ; *Models, Psychological ; *Mind-Body Relations (Metaphysics) ; Korea ; Humans

Phenomenology was founded in the 19th century by Edmund Husserl. Apart from natural sciences and metaphysics, phenomenology is presented as a rigorous scientific discipline, which aims to provide an understanding of the subjective experiences of human beings. After the eras of descriptive and dynamic psychiatry, phenomenological methods were adopted by psychiatry, and phenomenological psychopathology suggested a new perspective for understanding the pathological experiences of psychiatric patients. However, after the development of psychopharmacology and the operational diagnostic system, the center of phenomenology in psychopathology was moved from comprehensive understanding to simple description. Thus, phenomenological psychopathology in its original meaning did not get remarkable repercussions, especially in the English-speaking world. In this article, some major concepts of phenomenology will be briefly presented and then phenomenological psychopathology in its original meaning will be introduced. Secondly, as an example of its application, symptoms of schizophrenia will be interpreted in terms of phenomenological psychopathology. Finally, the authors will present a neurobiological interpretation of the phenomenological psychopathology of schizophrenia and suggest a possible role of phenomenological psychopathology in mitigating the impasse in psychiatric genetics research.
Humans ; Metaphysics ; Natural Science Disciplines ; Neurobiology ; Psychopathology ; Psychopharmacology ; Schizophrenia

Due to lack of appreciation of the complexities of the interactions between nature and nurture, claims for the rapid improvements in medical care following the human genome project have been exaggerated. Although some progress has been made in certain fields, the full scope of genomic medicine may not be realised for many years.
Genetics, Medical ; Genomics ; Global Health ; Human Genome Project ; Humans ; Metaphysics

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of recovery from disease in the patients doing a kind of Buddhist meditation, and to develop a grounded theory about meditation. METHOD: Data was collected by an in-depth interview using tape-recordings from sixteen participants doing meditation. The data was analyzed using the grounded theory method proposed by Strauss and Corbin(1998). RESULT: The core category was discovering the true self. The participants began to do meditation because of their disease. They experienced obstacles due to incomplete religious acceptance. However, their faith grew gradually based on religious experiences that were indescribable. Finally, they entirely trusted the inner healer, which is emphasized in meditation. The strategies that they used were self reflection and seeking help for accepting deep meditation. They were stabilized in physical, psychological and social daily living. The processes of discovering the true self were identified as entering religious discipline, embodying religious discipline, self-accomplishing religious faith, and recovering mind-body health. CONCLUSION: This study provided the understanding of mind-body integration. Empirical research may be needed to prove scientifically the effects of meditation.
*Mind-Body Relations (Metaphysics) ; Middle Aged ; *Meditation ; Male ; Humans ; Female ; *Convalescence ; Buddhism ; Aged ; Adult

Dehydroepiandrosterone(DHEA) was administered to rats to investigate the efficacy of DHEA in prevention of the process of osteoporosis induced by oophorectomy. Female Sprague-Dawley rats, aged five months, were divided into three groups; Group 1(40 rats), sham operation as control; group 2(40 rats), bilateral oophorectomy; and group 3(20 rats), intraperitoneal injection of 10mg of DHEA every other day from 4 weeks after bilateral oophorectomy. In group 1 and 2, five rats of each group were sacrificed weekly until the 8th week. In group 3, five rats were killed weekly from 1 week to 4 weeks after DHEA administration. Trabecular bone area(TBA) of proximal metaphysic of left tibia was obtained by quantitative image analysis system. In group 1, TBA was not changed with time after sham operation, In group 2, TBA decreased progressively through eight weeks after oophorectomy. In group 3, TBA’s were higher than those of group 2, but they were still lower than those of group 1. These data suggested that DHEA, administered to rats from 4 weeks to 8 weeks after bilateral oophorectomy, may partially recover the osteoporosis or delay the progression of the osteoporotic change until 8 weeks after the oophorectomy.
Animals ; Dehydroepiandrosterone ; Female ; Humans ; Injections, Intraperitoneal ; Metaphysics ; Osteoporosis ; Ovariectomy ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Tibia

The high osteogenic potential in children can lead to the spontaneous regeneration of a significant bone loss, however, the site documented in the previous reports was limited to the diaphysis in long bones. We report an exceptional case of a spontaneous regeneration of the whole lateral malleolus, including epiphysis, physis, and metaphysic, after traumatic loss in a three-year-old boy. This case emphasizes the importance of attempts to save as much of the cartilaginous tissues and the periosteum as possible, which have a great osteogenic potential, in themanagement of open would in childrhood.
Child ; Diaphyses ; Epiphyses ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Metaphysics ; Periosteum ; Regeneration

Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia(SMD) is very rare disease characterized with platyspondyly and metaphyseal changes in the long bone. Shrot status and later abnormal gait associated with coxa vara are common clinical feature. A 6 years 4 months old boy progressive bilateral coax vara were transferred with abduction limitation of the hip. With the skeletal survey, multiple dysplastic changes of the metaphysic of the long bone including knee, shoulder, ankle, and flatterning of the body of lower thoracic and upper lumbar spine(T11,12,L1) were noted. A corrective valgus osteotomy on the both hip were followed with improvement of the range of motion.
Ankle ; Coxa Vara ; Gait ; Hip ; Humans ; Knee ; Male ; Metaphysics ; Osteotomy ; Range of Motion, Articular ; Rare Diseases ; Shoulder

Lee Je-ma (1837-1900) was a prominent scholar as well as an Korean physician. He classified every people into four distinctive types: greater yang[tai yang] person, lesser yin[shao yin] person, greater yin[tai yin] person, lesser yin[shao yin] person. This theory would dictate proper treatment for each type in accordance with individual differences of physical and temperament features. Using these four types he created The Medical Science of Four Types. This article is intended to look into the connection between Lee Je-Ma's 'The Medical Science of Four Types' and 'The Modern' with organizing his ideas about the human body and the human being. Through The Modern, the theory of human being underwent a complete change. Human being in The Premodern, which was determined by sex, age and social status has been changed to the individual human being, which is featured by equality. Lee Je-Ma's medical theory of The Medical Science of Four Types would be analyzed as follow. His concept of human body is oriented toward observable objectivity. But on the other hand it still remains transcendent status of medical science, which is subordinated by philosophy. According to Lee Je-Ma's theory of human being, human is an equal individual in a modern way of thinking, not as a part of hierarchical group. But on the other hand, it still remains incomplete from getting rid of morality aspect that includes virtue and vice in the concept of human body. The common factors in Lee Je-Ma's ideas about the human body and the human being is 'Dualism of mind and body' that means all kinds of status and results depends on each individual.As is stated above, Lee Je-Ma's medical theory has many aspects of The Modern and it proves that Korean traditional medicine could be modernized by itself.
Philosophy, Medical/*history ; Mind-Body Relations (Metaphysics) ; Medicine, Oriental Traditional/*history ; Korea ; Humans ; *Human Body ; History, 19th Century

Osteochondroma is the most common of primary benign bone tumors. It is characterized by protruding mass from metaphysic of long bone with semitranslucent cartilaginous cap on its surface. This lesion, which has its own growth plate, usually stops growing at skeletal maturity. The multiple variant of osteochondroma, namely the osteochondromatosis, may show various deformities around the joints in its course. In addition, sarcomatous change is sometimes developed. One hundred and twenty one patients were diagnosed as osteochondroma or osteochondromatosis from Jan. 1981 to Dec. 1991, and followed-up for 3.4 years(6months-8years). There were 74 cases of solitary osteochondroma(male : female=1.47 : 1), and 47 cases of osteochondromatosis (male : female=1.61:1). The age at initial visit was averaged 19.5 years(2 years 8 months-58 years). In our experience, common sites were distal femur, proximal tibia, proximal humerus in solitary osteochondroma, proximal tibia, distal femur, distal tibia in osteochondromatosis. Mass with or without pain was the most common chief complaint. Familial histories were noted in 38% of osteochondromatosis. The deformity, which needed correction, were found in 10 among 119 cases ; corrective osteotomy in 7 cases, lengthening with Ilizarov apparatus in 3 cases. The complications such as limitation of motion, sensory disturbance, recurrence, persistent deformity after corrective surgery, epiphyseal plate injury, superficial infection, were noted in 28%. During the follow-up period, there were one case of malignant transformation, and recurrence was identified in 7 cases and three of them were reoperated. Interestingly, progressive deformity was noted in 3 cases postoperatively. And, if the tumor produces no symptom and no functional impairment, we recommend minimizing the indication of surgical intervention. In particular, special attention must be taken in growing children in order to avoid inadvertent complications such as progressive deformity.
Child ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Femur ; Follow-Up Studies ; Growth Plate ; Humans ; Humerus ; Joints ; Metaphysics ; Osteochondroma ; Osteochondromatosis ; Osteotomy ; Recurrence ; Tibia

PURPOSE: This paper analyzed the historical origins of the Qi concept and assesses its possible contributions to the development of complementary therapy and new nursing practices. METHODS: In order to clarify the Qi concept and measure its theoretical/clinical potentials, this study analyzed both historical data and experimental research that adopt and apply the concept. These include modern/contemporary research measuring its effects in promoting mental and physical health. Using the method of cross-cultural comparison, this study analyzed diverse approaches to the Qi concept and sought to find common features among the approaches. RESULTS: A historical, cross-cultural analysis revealed several fundamental similarities between Qi theories that have developed in the east and the holistic concepts that have evolved in the western traditions. Especially, the analysis of the more recent research on the Qi concept shows ample possibilities of its future contributions to the development of new diagnostic applications and the promotion of overall human health. CONCLUSION: The historical study of the Qi concept found some key common factors in the diverse philosophical traditions in the east and the west. Considering the growing popularity of complementary therapy among health professionals and the general public, the Qi concept and its clinical applications are expected to promote human health. In this context, this research contributes to developing new nursing practices based on the concept by clarifying its philosophical origins and theoretical backgrounds.
Concept Formation ; Humans ; *Mind-Body Relations (Metaphysics) ; Models, Nursing ; Nurses/*psychology ; Nursing Care ; Nursing Methodology Research ; Program Development ; *Qi ; *Yin-Yang