1.Ion chromatography in determination of alkali metals and compounds in air of working places.
Hao ZHANG ; Jian ZHANG ; Yan-rang WANG
Chinese Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Diseases 2007;25(7):432-433
Air
;
analysis
;
Chromatography
;
methods
;
Ions
;
analysis
;
Metals, Alkali
;
analysis
;
Workplace
2.Renal handling of sodium and potassium in cadmium exposed rats.
Yung Kyu KIM ; Yang Saeng PARK
The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 1998;2(4):503-510
Effects of cadmium exposure on renal Na+ and K+ transports were studied in rats. During the course of cadmium treatment (2 mg Cd/kg/day, s.c. injections for 3 weeks) renal tubular transports of Na+ and K+ were evaluated by lithium clearance technique. During the early phase (first week) of cadmium treatment, urinary Na+ excretion decreased drastically and this was due to an increased Na+ reabsorption both in the proximal and distal nephrons. During the late phase (third week) of cadmium treatment, filtered Na+ load was decreased by reduction in GFR, but the renal Na+ excretion returned to the control level due to impaired Na+ transport in the proximal tubule. Urinary excretion of K+ did not change during the early phase, but it rose markedly during the late phase of cadmium treatment. These results indicate that a light cadmium intoxication induces a Na+ retention, and a heavy intoxication results in a K+ loss. Possible mechanisms for these changes are discussed.
Animals
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Cadmium*
;
Lithium
;
Nephrons
;
Potassium*
;
Rats*
;
Sodium*
3.Ionic mechanisms underlying spontaneous firing in isolated type B medial vestibular nucleus neurons.
Sang Woo CHUN ; Jeong Hee CHOI ; Kwon Soo KIM ; Hyong Jae LEE ; Seung Rok KIM ; Moon Young LEE ; Byung Rim PARK
Journal of the Korean Balance Society 2003;2(1):78-85
Medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) neurons are found to have spontaneous electrical activity in the absence of any detectable synaptic input. To investigate the contributions of intrinsic mechanisms to the spontaneous activity of type B MVN neurons, we examined the effects of various channel blockers on spontaneous firing by means of patch clamp recordings. Coronal slice (400 micrometer) of the vestibular nucleus region was sequentially treated with pronase 0.2 mg/ml and thermolysin 0.2 mg/ml, then single neurons were mechanically dissociated. MVN neurons recorded in neonatal rat were shown to have either a single deep afterhyperpolarization (AHP; type A cells), or an early fast and a delayed slow AHP (type B cells). In 300 nM TTX, spontaneous firing was blocked in type B cells tested. In 8 of 11 cells, underlying fluctuation or oscillations in membrane potential was not remained, and hyperpolarization did not produce rebound low-threshold calcium spikes. Although type B MVN neurons possessed hyperpolarization activated cation current (Ih), cesium had no effect on firing rates. The spike AHP is calcium dependent. When Ca2+ influx was blocked in external Ca2+ free solution, repetitive firing was abolished and the cell rested at depolarized membrane potentials. Application of apamin (300 nM) caused a profound reduction in the amplitude of the AHP and produced rhythmic burst firing. These findings suggest that the spontaneous activity of type B MVN neurons is regulated by interactions between the membrane depolarization mainly due to a persistent sodium conductances and hyperpolarization due to the calcium-activated potassium conductances.
Animals
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Apamin
;
B-Lymphocytes
;
Calcium
;
Calcium Signaling
;
Cesium
;
Fires*
;
Membrane Potentials
;
Membranes
;
Neurons*
;
Potassium
;
Pronase
;
Rats
;
Sodium
;
Thermolysin
;
Vestibular Nuclei*
4.Distribution of rubidium, cesium, beryllium, strontium, and barium in blood and urine in general Chinese population.
Chunguang DING ; Yajuan PAN ; Aihua ZHANG ; Chun ZHU ; Deye LIU ; Guang XU ; Yuxin ZHENG ; Huifang YAN
Chinese Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Diseases 2015;33(12):894-899
OBJECTIVETo investigate the distribution of rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), beryllium (Be), strontium (Sr), and barium (Ba) in blood and urine in general Chinese population.
METHODSA total of 18 120 subjects aged 6~60 years were enrolled from 24 regions in 8 provinces in Eastern, Central, and Western China from 2009 to 2010 based on the method of cluster random sampling. Questionnaire survey was conducted to collect the data on living environment and health status. Blood and urine samples were collected from these subjects, and the levels of Rb, Cs, Be, Sr, and Ba in these samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The distribution of these elements in blood and urine in male or female subjects living in different regions was analyzed statistically.
RESULTSIn the general Chinese population, the concentration of Be in the whole blood was below the detection limit (0.06 μg/L); the geometric mean (GM) of Ba in the whole blood was below the detection limit (0.45 μg/L), with the 95th percentile (P95)of 1.37 μg/L; the GMs (95% CI)of Rb, Cs, and Sr in the whole blood were 2 374(2 357~2 392) μg/L, 2.01 (1.98~2.05) μg/L, and 23.5 (23.3~23.7) μg/L, respectively; in males and females, the GMs (95%CI)of blood Rb, Cs, and Sr were 2 506 (2 478~2 533) μg/L and 2 248 (2 227~2 270) μg/L, 1.88 (1.83~1.94) μg/L and 2.16 (2.11~2.20) μg/L, and 23.4 (23.1~23.7) μg/L and 23.6 (23.3~23.9) μg/L, respectively(P<0.01, P>0.05, and P>0.05). In the general Chinese population, the GM of urine Be was below the detection limit (0.06 μg/L), while the GMs (95%CI)of urine Rb, Cs, Sr, and Ba were 854 (836~873) μg/L, 3.65 (3.56~3.74) μg/L, 39.5 (38.4~40.6) μg/L, and 1.10 (1.07~1.12) μg/L, respectively; in males and females, the GMs (95%CI)of urine Rb, Cs, Sr, and Ba were 876 (849~904) μg/L and 832 (807~858) μg/L, 3.83 (3.70~3.96) μg/L and 3.47 (3.35~3.60) μg/L, 42.5 (40.9~44.2) μg/L and 36.6 (35.1~38.0) μg/L, and 1.15 (1.12~1.19) μg/L and 1.04 (1.01~1.07) μg/L, respectively (all P< 0.01). Correlation analyses showed that there were weak correlations between blood Rb and urine Rb (r=0.197)and between blood Sr and urine Sr (r=0.180), but a good correlation between blood Cs and urine Cs (r=0.487).
CONCLUSIONThe levels of Rb, Cs, Be, Sr, and Ba in the general Chinese population are similar to those reported in other countries, and there is a significant difference in the concentration of each element among the populations living in different regions, as well as significant differences in blood Rb, urine Rb, urine Cs, urine Sr, and urine Ba between males and females.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Barium ; blood ; urine ; Beryllium ; blood ; urine ; Cesium ; blood ; urine ; Child ; China ; Female ; Humans ; Limit of Detection ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Rubidium ; blood ; urine ; Strontium ; blood ; urine ; Young Adult
5.Evaluation of D-Phenylalanyl-L-prolyl-L-arginine Chloromethyl Ketone(PPACK) as an Alternative Anticoagulant to Heparin Salts for Analysis of ionized Calcium, Blood Gas, Electrolytes.
Kyeong Seob SHIN ; Won Seon HAN ; Bo Ra SON ; Do Hoon LEE
Korean Journal of Clinical Pathology 1997;17(6):1002-1011
BACKGROUND: Heparin salts induce negative proportional bias according to anticoagulant concentration for analysis of ionized calcium (iCa) However, D-phenylalanyl -L-prolyl- L-arginine chloromethyl ketone (PPACK), a selective thrombin inhibitor, do not bind to ionized calcium. Therefore, we evaluated PPACK as an alternative anticoagulant to lithium heparin (Li-Hep) for analysis of ira, blood gases and electrolytes. METHODS: The concentration of iCa in whole blood anticoagulated with heparin was compared with that in serum of patients admitted to Chungbuk National University Hospital (n=27). The blood gases, electrolytes and iCa according to each anticoagulant concentration (Ll-Hep or PFACK) were analyzed. The concentrations of anticoagulated whole blood (Li-Hep; 50 kIU/L, PPACK ; 75 mumol/L) were compared with those of nonanticoagulated whole blood for blood gases, electrolytes and iCa (n=17), RESULTS: The results were as follows; whole blood anticoagulated with Li-Hep demonstrated -0.28+/-0.15 mmol/L (26.6%) bias for ira compared with serum. No bias according to each anticoagulated concentrations were observed in analysis of blood gases, potassium and chloride. Negative proportional bias for iCa and sodium in serum anticoagulated with Li-HeP was observed. In comparison, no bias for ira and sodium was observed with PPACK. No bias was observed in analysis of blood gas or electrolytes with each anticoagulated whole blood except for sodium and chloride that had clinically nonsignificant bias. Whole blood anticoagulated with Li-Hep demonstrated a consistent -0.08+/-0.02 mmol/L (6.3%) bias for ira compared with nonanticoagulated whole blood. In comparison, no bias was observed with PPACK-anticoagulated whole blood for iCa. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that PPACK is an ideal anticoagulant without bias for analysis of iCa, blood gases and electrolytes.
Arginine
;
Bias (Epidemiology)
;
Calcium*
;
Chungcheongbuk-do
;
Electrolytes*
;
Gases
;
Heparin*
;
Humans
;
Lithium
;
Potassium
;
Salts*
;
Sodium
;
Thrombin
6.The Influence of Mixed NaCl-KCl Salt on Sodium Intake and Urinary Excretion of Sodium and Potassium.
Su Jeong PARK ; Hee Young PAIK ; Sim Yeol LEE
The Korean Journal of Nutrition 2007;40(6):500-508
The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of mixed NaCl-KCl salt on sodium intake and urinary excretion of sodium and potassium. In this study, 3-day food records for pre-experimental diet and 24-hr urine collected for 2-days, 6-day experimental diet food and 24-hr urine were used to evaluate the relationship between Na metabolism. In the experimental diet food, mixed NaCl-KCl salt was added. During the pre-experimental diet period, intakes of Na and K were 178.2 mEq and 56.4 mEq, respectively. The urinary excretion of Na and K in 24-hr were 139.6 mEq, 27.7 mEq, respectively and urinary Na/K ratio was 6.6. During the experimental diet period, intakes of Na and K were 130.2 mEq and 120.4 mEq, respectively. The urinary excretion of Na and K in 24-hr were 100.2 mEq, 37.1 mEq, respectively and urinary Na/K ratio was 2.8. According to this study, it is concluded that mixed NaCl-KCl salt diet decreased the intake of Na, and increased the intake of K.
Diet
;
Metabolism
;
Potassium*
;
Sodium*
7.Influence of Ectomycorrhizal Colonization on Cesium Uptake by Pinus densiflora Seedlings.
Sumika OGO ; Takashi YAMANAKA ; Keiko AKAMA ; Junko NAGAKURA ; Keiko YAMAJI
Mycobiology 2018;46(4):388-395
Radionuclides were deposited at forest areas in eastern parts of Japan following the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant incident in March 2011. Ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi have important effects on radiocaesium dynamics in forest ecosystems. We examined the effect of colonization by the EM fungus Astraeus hygrometricus on the uptake of cesium (Cs) and potassium (K) by Pinus densiflora seedlings. Pine seedlings exhibited enhanced growth after the EM formation due to the colonization by A. hygrometricus. Additionally, the shoot Cs concentration increased after the EM formation when Cs was not added to the medium. This suggests that A. hygrometricus might be able to solubilize Cs fixed to soil particles. Moreover, the shoot K concentration increased significantly after the EM formation when Cs was added. However, there were no significant differences in the root K concentration between EM and non-EM seedlings. These results suggest that different mechanisms control the transfer of Cs and K from the root to the shoot of pine seedlings.
Cesium*
;
Colon*
;
Ecosystem
;
Forests
;
Fungi
;
Japan
;
Nuclear Power Plants
;
Pinus*
;
Potassium
;
Radioisotopes
;
Seedlings*
;
Soil
8.Effect of Corticosteroids on Renal Excretion of Lithium.
Shin Yul OH ; Jeoung Hee HA ; Kwang Youn LEE ; Won Joon KIM
Yeungnam University Journal of Medicine 1986;3(1):229-235
Lithium salts are being used increasingly to treat patient with affective disorders, especially acute mania, or bipolar manic-depressive illness. For therapeutic effect the lithium content must be maintained at or above a particular level. Lithium poisoning due to overdosage may be seen occasionally, and its course is determined primarily by the rate of renal lithium elimination. A search is therefore indicated for procedures that could raise the lithium clearance. In a number of reports renal lithium excretion has been studied in relation to the excretion of water, sodium, potassium and hydrogen, but effects of sodium or water on the lithium excretion has not yet been clarified. Hence the present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of corticosteroid on the excretion of lithium ion. The female rat (Sprague-Dowley), weighing from 200 to 300g, was injected with 50mg/kg of lithium chloride intraperitoneally, and then injected with graded dosage of fludrocortisones and dexamethasone in each group. During the injected rats were incubated in metabolic cage, 24 hour urine of rats were collected. At 24 hours after injection, the rats were sacrificed with guillotine, the blood were collected. And then the concentrations of Na⁺, K⁺, Li⁺ of collected urine and serum were checked by Flame photometer. The results are summarized as follows 1. Fludrocortisone decreased the serum concentration of lithium and increased the urinary excretion of lithium. 2. In the group treated with low dose of dexamethasone (0.1 mg/kg), the serum concentration of lithium was decreased and high dose of dexamethasone (1 mg/kg) increased the urinary excretion of lithium. 3. Fludrocortisone increased the urinary [Na⁺]/[K⁺] in serum and decreased [Na⁺]/[K⁺] inurine, but opposite effects were occurred in dexamethasone. By above results, it may be concluded that corticosteroid increased the urinary excretion of lithium and decreased the serum concentration of lithium, but it seems to be there in no relationship between these effects of corticosteroid and of the renal Na⁺ or K⁺ transport.
Adrenal Cortex Hormones*
;
Animals
;
Bipolar Disorder
;
Dexamethasone
;
Female
;
Fludrocortisone
;
Humans
;
Hydrogen
;
Lithium Chloride
;
Lithium*
;
Mood Disorders
;
Poisoning
;
Potassium
;
Rats
;
Renal Elimination*
;
Salts
;
Sodium
;
Water
9.Immediate Changes of Plasma Potassium , Sodium and Chloride Concentrations After the Intravenous Injection of Single-Dose Diazepam .
Hyung Dong LEE ; Ik Chong SOHN
Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1976;9(2):253-258
The influence of the intravenous injection of single-dose diazepam on plasma potassium, sodium and chloride concentions was studied in 36 healthy patients undergoing minor surgical operations and this investigation was limited to the first 10 minutes after the intravenous injection of diazepam, 10mg. A significant decrease of plasma potassium concentration(-0.24 ~ -0.25 mEq/1) was observed with diazepam at 5 and 10 minutes but the diazepam investigated in this study did not have a significant effect on the plasma sodium and chloride.
Diazepam*
;
Humans
;
Injections, Intravenous*
;
Plasma*
;
Potassium*
;
Sodium*
10.Effect of Oxygen on the Antidotal Action of Thiosulfate in Cyanide Poisoning.
Korean Journal of Preventive Medicine 1982;15(1):161-166
Cyanide poisoning is expected to be antagonized by the administration of oxygen, when it is administered in combination with the conventional cyanide antidote, sodium,thiosulfate. However, the antidotal efficacy and its exact mechanism of oxygen in cyanide poisoning is still a controversial one. To test the effect of oxygen on the antidotal action of thiosulfate ,in cyanide poisoning, author designed this study on the dose-mortality patterns for potassium cyanide in mice. Potency ratios derived from LDso values were compared in groups of mice treated with sodium thiosulfate alone and sodium thiosulfate with oxygen. These results indicated that oxygen enhances the anti-dotal effect of sodium thiosulfate, effectively. This fact demonstrates that oxygen is of importance in the treatment of cyanide poisoning.
Animals
;
Mice
;
Oxygen*
;
Poisoning*
;
Potassium Cyanide
;
Sodium