The exact etiology and pathogenesis of knee osteoarthritis (KOA) are still unknown and it is hard to treat the disease fundamentally. With new therapeutic methods and techniques appearing, the present situation of treating the disease will be changed in the near future. Basic research of knee osteoarthritis will contribute to clarifying the pathogenesis and exploring the therapeutic methods. This article makes a brief review on the up-to-date basic researches of knee osteoarthritis by reviewing literature concerned in recent years.
Animals ; Cytokines ; physiology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Genetic Therapy ; Humans ; Metalloproteases ; physiology ; Osteoarthritis, Knee ; etiology ; therapy ; Stem Cell Transplantation ; Tissue Engineering

Platelet clearance has already been studied in physiological and pathological conditions and shown its occurrence mainly in the liver and the spleen. It is still not clear what mechanisms are responsible for recognition and removal of either aged or damaged platelets by the scavenging system. So study of the clearance mechanism will be useful to prolong the survival time of platelets in vivo. And it may be related to a new strategy to store platelets. This article focuses on the advances in studies of the clearance mechanism of transfused platelet concentrates, including roles of P-selectin, GPI balpha and its receptor Mac-1 in platelet clearance, and effect of endogenous metalloproteinase in platelet clearance.
Blood Platelets ; physiology ; Blood Preservation ; Cellular Senescence ; Humans ; Macrophage-1 Antigen ; physiology ; Metalloproteases ; physiology ; P-Selectin ; physiology ; Platelet Activation ; Platelet Glycoprotein GPIb-IX Complex ; physiology ; Platelet Transfusion

Inflammation, a self-defensive reaction against various pathogenic stimuli, may become harmful self-damaging process. Increasing evidence has linked chronic inflammation to a number of neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis. In the central nervous system, microglia, the resident innate immune cells play major role in the inflammatory process. Although they form the first line of defense for the neural parenchyma, uncontrolled activation of microglia may directly toxic to neurons by releasing various substances such as inflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6), NO, PGE
alpha-Synuclein/physiology ; Signal Transduction ; Parkinson Disease/*etiology/immunology ; Multiple Sclerosis/etiology ; Models, Biological ; Microglia/immunology/metabolism/*physiology ; Metalloproteases/physiology ; Melanins/physiology ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 3 ; Inflammation Mediators/metabolism ; Humans ; Encephalitis/*etiology/immunology ; Cytokines/secretion ; Animals ; Alzheimer Disease/etiology ; AIDS Dementia Complex/etiology