No abstract available.
Metagenome

No abstract available.
Crohn Disease ; Humans ; Metagenome

The human resident microorganisms constitute the second genome of human body. Oral microbiome is closely related to the oral and systemic health and diseases. Implementation of high-throughput gene chip and second-generation sequencing has gained in-depth characterization of the oral microbiome, changing our view on host-microbe interactions. In this review, we summarized the latest progress in oral microbial metagenomics and addressed its potential value in the prevention and treatment of oral diseases and other systemic disorders.
Humans ; Metagenome ; Metagenomics ; Mouth ; microbiology

With the successful implementation of Human Genome Project, more and more scientists started to pay attention on the second genome of human body: Microbiome. This paper will briefly introduce the latest developments of the Human Microbiome Project, the human oral microbiome research, and new technologies of microbial gene research.
Humans ; Metagenome ; Microbiota ; Mouth ; microbiology

The microbial diversity in soil ecosystems is higher than in any other microbial ecosystem. The majority of soil microorganisms has not been characterized, because the dominant members have not been readily culturable on standard cultivation media; therefore, the soil ecosystem is a great reservoir for the discovery of novel microbial enzymes and bioactivities. The soil metagenome, the collective microbial genome, could be cloned and sequenced directly from soils to search for novel microbial resources. This review summarizes the microbial diversity in soils and the efforts to search for microbial resources from the soil metagenome, with more emphasis on the potential of bioprospecting metagenomics and recent discoveries.
Clone Cells ; Ecosystem ; Genome ; Metagenome ; Metagenomics ; Soil

In the present day, bioinformatics becomes the modern science with several advantages. Several new "omics" sciences have been introduced for a few years and those sciences can be applied in biomedical work. Here, the author will summarize and discuss on important applications of omics studies in microbiology focusing on microbial pathogeny. It can be seen that genomics and proteinomics can be well used in this area of biomedical studies.
Computational Biology ; Humans ; Metagenome ; Metagenomics ; Microbiology ; Proteomics

Strain is the fundamental unit in microbial taxonomy. The functional diversity among strains has great influence on host phenotypes. With the development of microbiome research, knowing the composition and functional capacities of complex microbial communities at the strain level has become increasingly valuable in scientific research and clinical applications. This review introduces the principles of bioinformatics algorithms for strain analysis based on metagenomic data, the applications in microbiome research and directions of future development.
Algorithms ; Computational Biology ; Metagenome ; Metagenomics ; Microbiota/genetics*

Our understanding of IBD pathogenesis has been increasing rapidly. The genetically determined interplay between the commensal microbiota, intestinal epithelial cells, and the immune system has been appreciated deeply. The interplay is also considered to be modified by specific environmental factors. This review examines the recent findings from the animal and human studies on IBD pathogenesis and the implications for future effective therapies.
Animals ; Epithelial Cells ; Humans ; Immune System ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ; Metagenome

Our understanding of IBD pathogenesis has been increasing rapidly. The genetically determined interplay between the commensal microbiota, intestinal epithelial cells, and the immune system has been appreciated deeply. The interplay is also considered to be modified by specific environmental factors. This review examines the recent findings from the animal and human studies on IBD pathogenesis and the implications for future effective therapies.
Animals ; Epithelial Cells ; Humans ; Immune System ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ; Metagenome

Uncultured microorganisms comprise the majority of the planet's biological diversity. In many environments, as many as 99% of the microorganisms cannot be cultured by standard techniques, and the uncultured fraction includes diverse organisms that are only distantly related to the cultured ones. Therefore, culture-independent methods are essential to understand the genetic diversity, population structure, and ecological roles of the majority of microorganisms. Recently, new techniques for studying microbial communities, collectively called metagenomics, have been developed to overcome the limitations of culturing. This review assesses the potential of metagenomic techniques to analyze the relative abundance of microbial species under varying human environmental conditions and to discover infectious causes of unexplained human diseases.
Biodiversity ; Communicable Diseases ; Genetic Variation ; Humans ; Metagenome ; Metagenomics