No abstract available.
Metagenome

No abstract available.
Crohn Disease ; Humans ; Metagenome

The human resident microorganisms constitute the second genome of human body. Oral microbiome is closely related to the oral and systemic health and diseases. Implementation of high-throughput gene chip and second-generation sequencing has gained in-depth characterization of the oral microbiome, changing our view on host-microbe interactions. In this review, we summarized the latest progress in oral microbial metagenomics and addressed its potential value in the prevention and treatment of oral diseases and other systemic disorders.
Humans ; Metagenome ; Metagenomics ; Mouth ; microbiology

With the successful implementation of Human Genome Project, more and more scientists started to pay attention on the second genome of human body: Microbiome. This paper will briefly introduce the latest developments of the Human Microbiome Project, the human oral microbiome research, and new technologies of microbial gene research.
Humans ; Metagenome ; Microbiota ; Mouth ; microbiology

In the present day, bioinformatics becomes the modern science with several advantages. Several new "omics" sciences have been introduced for a few years and those sciences can be applied in biomedical work. Here, the author will summarize and discuss on important applications of omics studies in microbiology focusing on microbial pathogeny. It can be seen that genomics and proteinomics can be well used in this area of biomedical studies.
Computational Biology ; Humans ; Metagenome ; Metagenomics ; Microbiology ; Proteomics

The microbial diversity in soil ecosystems is higher than in any other microbial ecosystem. The majority of soil microorganisms has not been characterized, because the dominant members have not been readily culturable on standard cultivation media; therefore, the soil ecosystem is a great reservoir for the discovery of novel microbial enzymes and bioactivities. The soil metagenome, the collective microbial genome, could be cloned and sequenced directly from soils to search for novel microbial resources. This review summarizes the microbial diversity in soils and the efforts to search for microbial resources from the soil metagenome, with more emphasis on the potential of bioprospecting metagenomics and recent discoveries.
Clone Cells ; Ecosystem ; Genome ; Metagenome ; Metagenomics ; Soil

Strain is the fundamental unit in microbial taxonomy. The functional diversity among strains has great influence on host phenotypes. With the development of microbiome research, knowing the composition and functional capacities of complex microbial communities at the strain level has become increasingly valuable in scientific research and clinical applications. This review introduces the principles of bioinformatics algorithms for strain analysis based on metagenomic data, the applications in microbiome research and directions of future development.
Algorithms ; Computational Biology ; Metagenome ; Metagenomics ; Microbiota/genetics*

That gastrointestinal motility can influence the gut microbiota has been known for decades and the clinical consequences of impaired motility, in terms of the bacterial population of the small intestine, amply illustrated by the syndrome of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth which so commonly accompanies diffuse intestinal motility disorders. As the importance of the microbiota to homeostasis in health and to a variety of disease states is increasingly appreciated and as the full diversity and biology of this "hidden organ" have been revealed by molecular methodologies, the true nature of the interaction between the microbiota and motility is being re-examined and the complexity of this relationship exposed. In health, as well as in disease states, this is a truly bi-directional relationship: not only can gut motor patterns influence the microbiota but changes in the microbiota can exert profound influences on gut sensori-motor function.
Biology ; Gastrointestinal Motility ; Homeostasis ; Intestine, Small ; Irritable Bowel Syndrome ; Metagenome

The revelation that gut microbes are associated with the pathogenesis of human diseases such as obesity, colon cancer, inflammatory bowel disease and liver-related diseases has resulted in the role of gut microbes becoming a novel research topic in basic and clinical science. Recently, emphasis has been placed on the role of gut microbes in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its progressive form, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Researchers have suggested that inflammasome deficiency-changed dysbiosis is associated with exacerbating NAFLD/NASH progression. This particular study also showed a direct 'gut-liver axis' regulated by modulation of gut microbiota. This paper (Nature 2012;482: 179-185) was summarized herein and the potential clinical applications were discussed.
Colonic Neoplasms ; Fatty Liver ; Humans ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ; Metagenome ; Obesity

Microbiome is a novel research field related with a variety of chronic inflamatory diseases. Technically, there are two major approaches to analysis of microbiome: metataxonome by sequencing the 16S rRNA variable tags, and metagenome by shot-gun sequencing of the total microbial (mainly bacterial) genome mixture. The 16S rRNA sequencing analyses pipeline includes sequence quality control, diversity analyses, taxonomy and statistics; metagenome analyses further includes gene annotation and functional analyses. With the development of the sequencing techniques, the cost of sequencing will decrease, and big data analyses will become the central task. Data standardization, accumulation, modeling and disease prediction are crucial for future exploit of these data. Meanwhile, the information property in these data, and the functional verification with culture-dependent and culture-independent experiments remain the focus in future research. Studies of human microbiome will bring a better understanding of the relations between the human body and the microbiome, especially in the context of disease diagnosis and therapy, which promise rich research opportunities.
Bacteria ; classification ; Humans ; Metagenome ; Microbiota ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S