1.Oxidative stress, point-of-care test, and metabolic syndrome.
The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine 2014;29(1):20-22
No abstract available.
Antioxidants/*metabolism
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Female
;
Humans
;
Male
;
Metabolic Syndrome X/*blood
2.Exosomes as the source of biomarkers of metabolic diseases.
Min Jae LEE ; Dong Ho PARK ; Ju Hee KANG
Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism 2016;21(3):119-125
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that contain molecules that regulate the metabolic functions of adjacent or remote cells. Recent in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies support the hypothesis that exosomes released from various cell types play roles in the progression of metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes. Based on this concept and advances in other diseases, the proteins, mRNA, microRNA and lipids in exosomes isolated from biological fluids have been proposed as biomarkers in metabolic disorders. However, several problems with the development of clinically applicable biomarkers have not been resolved. In this review, the biologic functions of exosomes are briefly introduced, and we discuss the technical and practical pros and cons of different methods of exosome isolation for the identification of exosomal biomarkers of metabolic disorders. Standardization of preanalytical variables and isolation of high-purity exosomes from fully characterized biological fluids will be necessary for the identification of useful exosomal biomarkers that can provide insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of complications of metabolic syndrome and of whole-body metabolism.
Biomarkers*
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Diabetes Mellitus
;
Exosomes*
;
Extracellular Vesicles
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In Vitro Techniques
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Metabolic Diseases*
;
Metabolic Syndrome X
;
Metabolism
;
MicroRNAs
;
RNA, Messenger
3.Exosomes as the source of biomarkers of metabolic diseases.
Min Jae LEE ; Dong Ho PARK ; Ju Hee KANG
Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism 2016;21(3):119-125
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that contain molecules that regulate the metabolic functions of adjacent or remote cells. Recent in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies support the hypothesis that exosomes released from various cell types play roles in the progression of metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes. Based on this concept and advances in other diseases, the proteins, mRNA, microRNA and lipids in exosomes isolated from biological fluids have been proposed as biomarkers in metabolic disorders. However, several problems with the development of clinically applicable biomarkers have not been resolved. In this review, the biologic functions of exosomes are briefly introduced, and we discuss the technical and practical pros and cons of different methods of exosome isolation for the identification of exosomal biomarkers of metabolic disorders. Standardization of preanalytical variables and isolation of high-purity exosomes from fully characterized biological fluids will be necessary for the identification of useful exosomal biomarkers that can provide insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of complications of metabolic syndrome and of whole-body metabolism.
Biomarkers*
;
Diabetes Mellitus
;
Exosomes*
;
Extracellular Vesicles
;
In Vitro Techniques
;
Metabolic Diseases*
;
Metabolic Syndrome X
;
Metabolism
;
MicroRNAs
;
RNA, Messenger
4.Further understanding of fat biology: Lessons from a fat fly.
Experimental & Molecular Medicine 2010;42(1):12-20
Obesity is a leading risk factor for insulin resistance, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and cardiovascular complications, collectively referred to as metabolic diseases. Given the prevalence of obesity and its associated medical problems, new strategies are required to prevent or treat obesity and obesity-related metabolic effects. Here we summarize contributors of obesity, and molecular mechanisms controlling adipogenesis from studies in mammalian systems. We also discuss the possibilities of using Drosophila as a genetic model system to advance our understanding of players in fat biology.
Animals
;
Drosophila/*physiology
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Humans
;
Metabolic Syndrome X/*etiology/metabolism/prevention & control
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Obesity/*complications/metabolism/prevention & control
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PPAR gamma/metabolism/physiology
5.The production and distribution of IL-6 and TNF-alpha in subcutaneous adipose tissue and their correlation with serum concentrations in Welsh ponies with equine metabolic syndrome.
Katarzyna BASINSKA ; Krzysztof MARYCZ ; Agnieszka SMIESZEK ; Jakub NICPON
Journal of Veterinary Science 2015;16(1):113-120
A main symptom of equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) in ponies is pathological obesity characterized by abnormal accumulation of fat deposits and inflammation. In this study, we analyzed the expression of two pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), in subcutaneous adipose tissue and the correlation with serum concentrations in peripheral blood of Welsh ponies. Based on clinical examination findings, the animals were divided into two groups: ponies affected with EMS (n = 8) and obese ponies (n = 8). The adipose tissue was examined using immunohistochemical analysis while concentrations IL-6 and TNF-alpha were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Additionally, histological characterization of the adipose tissue was performed. The results obtained showed that IL-6 expression in adipose tissue biopsies derived from animals with EMS was enhanced while TNF-alpha levels of both groups were comparable. Compared to the obese ponies, EMS animals also had significantly elevated levels of serum IL-6 and TNF-alpha. Histological analysis revealed macrophage infiltration and fibrosis in adipose tissue preparations from the EMS group. These data suggest that IL-6 may play a key role in the course of EMS in Welsh ponies. Our findings also demonstrated that analysis of pro-inflammatory cytokines levels in serum may serve as an additional tool for diagnosing EMS.
Adipose Tissue/*metabolism
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Animals
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Female
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Horse Diseases/blood/*metabolism
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Horses
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Interleukin-6/blood/genetics/*metabolism
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Male
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Metabolic Syndrome X/metabolism/*veterinary
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Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/blood/genetics/*metabolism
6.Metabolic Syndrome Emerging from Menopause.
The Journal of Korean Society of Menopause 2011;17(3):127-135
Metabolic syndrome (MS) in women, which is characterized with central obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia, is associated with high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes. Menopause may be related with the prevalence of MS and increased CVD risk through effects on central obesity, lipid metabolism, and prothrombotic state. The emergence of these risk factors may be a direct result from the failure of estrogen production. Alternatively, metabolic changes with estrogen deficiency may be the indirect cause of those risks. Additionally, most women may have a few chances of developing MS during their life, such as pregnancy-related weight gain, hormonal contraceptive use and polycystic ovary syndrome. Therefore, it is difficult to conclude that menopause itself can be the cause of MS. Representative managements of MS are life style modification and use of lipid lowering medication. This article will review the relationship between the development of MS and menopause. A better understanding on the metabolic changes with menopause will help identify women with risk factors of CVD and provide appropriate interventions
Cardiovascular Diseases
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Dyslipidemias
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Estrogens
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Female
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Humans
;
Insulin Resistance
;
Life Style
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Lipid Metabolism
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Menopause
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Metabolic Syndrome X
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Obesity, Abdominal
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Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
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Prevalence
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Risk Factors
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Weight Gain
7.Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.
The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology 2010;56(1):6-14
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease worldwide, and is commonly associated with obesity. The spectrum of NAFLD ranges from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis. Fructose ingestion, visceral obesity, and metabolic syndrome are risk factors for liver fibrosis. NAFLD is characterized by two steps of liver injury: intrahepatic lipid accumulation in the setting of insulin resistance, and inflammatory progression to NASH by oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators. Noninvasive methods (e.g., abdominal ultrasonography) are safe ways to support a diagnosis of hepatic steatosis, but liver biopsy remains the gold standard for accurate diagnosis and staging of NASH. Pediatric NASH often displays a histologic pattern distinct from that found in adults. Lifestyle modification through diet and exercise should be attempted in patients diagnosed with NAFLD.
Diet
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Fatty Liver/*diagnosis/therapy/ultrasonography
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Humans
;
Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
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Insulin Resistance
;
Lipase/genetics
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Membrane Proteins/genetics
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Metabolic Syndrome X/complications
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Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
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Risk Factors
8.Insulin resistance as a key link for the increased risk of cognitive impairment in the metabolic syndrome.
Experimental & Molecular Medicine 2015;47(3):e149-
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors that includes obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. Accumulating evidence implies that MetS contributes to the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, the factors connecting this association have not been determined. Insulin resistance (IR) is at the core of MetS and likely represent the key link between MetS and AD. In the central nervous system, insulin plays key roles in learning and memory, and AD patients exhibit impaired insulin signaling that is similar to that observed in MetS. As we face an alarming increase in obesity and T2D in all age groups, understanding the relationship between MetS and AD is vital for the identification of potential therapeutic targets. Recently, several diabetes therapies that enhance insulin signaling are being tested for a potential therapeutic benefit in AD and dementia. In this review, we will discuss MetS as a risk factor for AD, focusing on IR and the recent progress and future directions of insulin-based therapies.
Alzheimer Disease/etiology/metabolism
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Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism
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Animals
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Brain/metabolism
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Cognition Disorders/*etiology/*metabolism
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Humans
;
Insulin/metabolism
;
*Insulin Resistance
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Metabolic Syndrome X/complications/drug therapy/*metabolism
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Molecular Targeted Therapy
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Signal Transduction/drug effects
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tau Proteins/metabolism
9.APOA5 Polymorphism Is Associated with Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Postmenopausal Women.
Doh Hee KIM ; Seung Hee LEE ; Kyung Hoon HAN ; Chae Bong KIM ; Kwan Young SONG ; Sook CHO ; Kye Heui LEE
Endocrinology and Metabolism 2012;27(4):276-281
BACKGROUND: Menopause is an independent risk factor in metabolic syndrome which induced an alteration of the lipid metabolism by hormonal changes. Apolipoprotein A5 gene (APOA5) was related to the regulation of triglyceride and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level with biosynthesis and decomposition. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between APOA5 polymorphism and metabolic syndrome in Korean postmenopausal women. METHODS: This study included 307 postmenopausal women with anthropometric and biochemical measurement in 2010-2011. The polymorphism of APOA5 was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method with MseI restriction enzyme. RESULTS: The metabolic syndrome prevalence with TT genotype was significantly lower than the frequency in those with TC/CC (27.09%, 38.46%, and 45.71% for TT, TC, and CC, respectively; P < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis of metabolic syndrome risk factors indicated that postmenopausal women with CC genotype had a higher risk with 3 times than that in TT genotype (P < 0.05). APOA5 C carriers showed an increased risk of triglyceride level (odd ratio, 2.93 and 1.85 for CC and TC+CC, respectively; P < 0.05). Interestingly, HDL-C was related to triglyceride directly in comparison to APOA5. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that APOA5 has an influence on serum triglyceride and HDL-C, which contribute to metabolic syndrome in Korean postmenopausal women.
Apolipoproteins
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Apolipoproteins A
;
Cholesterol
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Cholesterol, HDL
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Female
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Genotype
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Humans
;
Lipid Metabolism
;
Lipoproteins
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Menopause
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Metabolic Syndrome X
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Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
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Prevalence
;
Risk Factors
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Triglycerides
10.Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis.
The Korean Journal of Hepatology 2006;12(3):455-459
No abstract available.
Aged
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Fatty Liver/epidemiology/*etiology/pathology
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Female
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Hepatitis/epidemiology/*etiology/pathology
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Humans
;
Insulin Resistance
;
Metabolic Syndrome X/*complications/metabolism
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Prevalence
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Prognosis
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Risk Factors