No abstract available.
Aged ; Fatty Liver/epidemiology/*etiology/pathology ; Female ; Hepatitis/epidemiology/*etiology/pathology ; Humans ; Insulin Resistance ; Metabolic Syndrome X/*complications/metabolism ; Prevalence ; Prognosis ; Risk Factors

OBJECTIVES: Metabolic syndrome is an important etiologic factor in the development of certain types of cancers. The economic cost of the treatment of cancer has been steadily increasing. We therefore estimated the economic burden of cancers attributable to metabolic syndrome in Korea. METHODS: We reviewed metabolic syndrome-related cancers and relative risk and then calculated population attributable fractions. We analyzed insurance claims data for metabolic syndrome-related cancers in 2012 in order to estimate the direct costs associated with these cancers, including hospitalization, outpatient visits, transportation costs, and caregivers' costs as well as indirect costs such as loss of productivity due to cancer treatment and premature death. RESULTS: In 2012, 18 070 patients in Korea had cancers attributable to metabolic syndrome. The economic burden was USD 199.8 million and the direct and indirect costs were USD 124.5 million and USD 75.3 million, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We estimated the economic burden of cancers attributable to metabolic syndrome in Korea and the efforts are necessary to reduce this burden.
Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cost of Illness ; Female ; Humans ; Insurance Claim Reporting ; Male ; Metabolic Syndrome X/complications/*economics/epidemiology ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasms/*economics/etiology ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Risk

PURPOSE: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) generally varies depending on its diagnostic definition, and many different definitions inevitably lead to substantial confusion and lack of comparability between studies. Despite extensive research, there is still no gold standard for the definition of MetS, which continues to be a matter of debate. In this study, we investigate whether and to what extent its individual components are related to the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Korean population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used data from the 2005 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, which is a nationally representative survey of the noninstitutionalized civilian population. The study sample consisted of 1,406 Korean adults (587 men, 819 women) who were diagnosed with MetS based on the revised National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) criteria. Central obesity is defined as a waist circumference cutoff point reported in Asia-Pacific criteria for obesity based on waist circumference by the World Health Organization. CVD was defined as presence of stroke, myocardial infarction, or angina pectoris on a medical history questionnaire. RESULTS: The CVD prevalence among the subjects was 6.8% for men and 8.6% for women. Besides age, the components of MetS showing a significant difference in the number of CVD events were high fasting glucose (FG) in men and high blood pressure (BP) and high FG in women. After adjusting for gender and age, high FG was shown to yield a significant difference (odds ratio: unadjusted 2.08, adjusted 1.81), alone among all MetS components. However, after adjusting for only age, no significant difference was found. CONCLUSION: Fasting glucose level is the highest predicting factor for CVD in Korean patients with MetS based on the revised NECP definition.
Age Factors ; Blood Glucose/analysis ; Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology/*etiology ; Chi-Square Distribution ; Female ; Health Promotion ; Health Surveys ; Humans ; Hypertension/complications/epidemiology ; Male ; Metabolic Syndrome X/complications/*diagnosis/epidemiology ; Middle Aged ; Odds Ratio ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Risk Factors ; Sex Factors

Obesity during childhood is a dominant risk factor for noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), and is itself considered a disease that needs to be treated. Recently, the growth in childhood obesity in Korea has become stagnant; however, two in every ten children are still overweight. In addition, 60% or more of overweight children have at least one metabolic syndrome risk factor. Thus, childhood obesity should be controlled through lifestyle modification. This paper reviews studies of the modifiable risk factors of obesity in Korean children. According to the life-course approach, preschool-aged children (<5 years) are influenced by their parents rather than individual habits because they are under mostly parental care. Elementary school-aged children (6 to 11 years) are affected by overlapping individual and parental effects. This may mean that the establishment of individual behavior patterns begins during this period. The conditions of poor eating habits such as skipping meals, eating out, and high fat intake, along with low physical activity, facilitate increased obesity among adolescents (12 to 18 years). Notably, adolescent girls show high rates of both underweight and obesity, which may lead to the development of NCDs in their offspring. Therefore, the problem of NCDs is no longer limited to adults, but is also prevalent among children. In addition, early intervention offers cost-effective opportunities for preventing NCDs. Thus, children need primary consideration, adequate monitoring, diagnosis, and treatment to reduce the burden of NCDs later in adulthood.
Adolescent ; Child ; Chronic Disease/*epidemiology ; Diet ; Female ; Humans ; Life Style ; Male ; Metabolic Syndrome X/epidemiology/*etiology/*prevention & control ; Obesity/*complications/epidemiology/*prevention & control ; Parent-Child Relations ; Prevalence ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Risk Factors ; Sedentary Lifestyle

It has been suggested that hyperuricemia and possibly gout are associated with the metabolic syndrome, but there have been no direct studies. This study was undertaken to obtain the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with gout and to compare it with those from the general population studies. This was a 4-institutional case-historical control study composed of 168 patients with gout. We assessed the prevalence of metabolic syndrome according to the ATP III criteria and compared the prevalence with that of the historical controls. To elucidate the factors in gout that were associated with metabolic syndrome, a multivariate analysis was done. The age-adjusted prevalence of metabolic syndrome in gout patients was 43.6%, which was significantly higher than that of the Korean control population (5.2%) from the previous studies. Patients with gout had more components of metabolic syndrome than did the controls. Body mass index (BMI, OR=1.357 (95%CI 1.111-1.657)) and high density lipoprotein (HDL, OR=0.774 (95%CI 0.705-0.850)) were the variables most significantly associated with the occurrence of metabolic syndrome in gout, but alcohol consumption did not show such associations. Gout is associated with the metabolic syndrome, and furthermore, obesity and dyslipidemia were the factors most associated with the syndrome in these patients.
Adult ; Aged ; Body Mass Index ; Case-Control Studies ; Gout/*complications ; Humans ; Korea/epidemiology ; Lipoproteins, HDL/blood ; Male ; Metabolic Syndrome X/*complications/epidemiology/etiology ; Middle Aged ; Multivariate Analysis ; Risk Factors

Either chronic inflammation or metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with renal impairment. This cross-sectional study was designed to investigate the relationship between elevated white blood cell (WBC) counts and chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 3 or more according to the presence of MetS in adult Koreans. In total, 5,291 subjects (> or = 20 yr-old) participating in the 2005 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination were included. CKD stage 3 or more was defined as having an estimated glomerular filtration rate below 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, as calculated using the formula from the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study. The odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for CKD stage 3 or more in the highest WBC quartile (> or = 7,200 cells/microL) was 1.70 (1.17-2.39) after adjusting for MetS and other covariates, compared with the lowest WBC quartile (< 5,100 cells/microL). In subjects with MetS, the prevalence risk for CKD stage 3 or more in the highest WBC quartile was 2.25 (1.28-3.95) even after fully adjusting for confounding variables. In contrast, this positive association between WBC quartile and CKD stage 3 or more disappeared in subjects without MetS. Low-grade inflammation is significantly associated with CKD stage 3 or more in subjects with MetS but not in those without MetS.
Adult ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Glomerular Filtration Rate ; Humans ; Inflammation/complications/*diagnosis ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/*epidemiology/etiology ; Leukocyte Count ; Male ; Metabolic Syndrome X/complications/*diagnosis ; Middle Aged ; Nutrition Surveys ; Odds Ratio ; Prevalence ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Risk Factors ; Severity of Illness Index

The prevalence of reflux esophagitis is increasing in Korea. To estimate the prevalence and clinical characteristics of reflux esophagitis in healthy subjects, we retrospectively examined the medical records of healthy subjects undergoing a routine check-up from October 2004 to September 2005. A total of 6,082 (3,590 men, mean age 44+/-10 yr) subjects were enrolled in this study. The prevalence of reflux esophagitis in healthy subjects was 10.5%. According to the univariate analysis, male sex (odds ratio [OR] 3.49, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.84-4.30), smoking history (OR 1.91, 95% CI 1.60-2.28), body mass index (BMI) >30 kg/m2 (OR 2.13, 95% CI 1.37-3.33), total cholesterol >250 mg/dL (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.05-2.14), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol > or =160 mg/dL (OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.08-2.14), triglyceride > or =150 mg/dL (OR 1.92, 95% CI 1.61-2.30), high blood pressure (BP) (OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.20-1.76), and fasting glucose > or =110 mg/dL (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.13-1.86) were significantly associated with reflux esophagitis (all p<0.05). However, age, alcohol drinking and Helicobacter pylori infection were not associated with reflux esophagitis. In conclusiosn, significant relationships of reflux esophagitis with obesity, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, high triglyceride, high BP, and elevated fasting glucose suggested that reflux esophagitis might represent the disease spectrum of the metabolic syndrome.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Data Interpretation, Statistical ; Esophagitis, Peptic/*diagnosis/*epidemiology/etiology ; Female ; Humans ; Korea/epidemiology ; Male ; Medical Records ; Metabolic Syndrome X/*complications/diagnosis ; Middle Aged ; Odds Ratio ; Prevalence ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare metabolic syndrome (MS) risk factor prevalence by obesity and age in middle-aged women. METHOD: Two hundred and fifty-one subjects were recruited from the health promotion center of a tertiary care hospital in an urban city. MS was defined by the third report of the national cholesterol education program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults(Adult Treatment Panel III)(ATPIII), and obesity was determined by body mass index(BMI)> or = 25kg/m2. RESULTS: The mean blood pressure, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride were significantly higher in the obese group than in the non-obese group. The prevalence of MS, hypertension, and impaired fasting glucose were significantly higher in the obese group than in the non-obese group. In the forties, blood pressure was significantly higher in the obese group than in the non-obese group. In the fifties, body fat, systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride were significantly higher in the obese group than in the non-obese group. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that the nurse should focus on the obese fifty year old female patients for improvement of the MS risk factors.
Women's Health ; Adult ; Blood Pressure ; Body Fat Distribution ; Body Mass Index ; Cholesterol/blood ; Female ; Health Surveys ; Humans ; Metabolic Syndrome X/*epidemiology/etiology ; Middle Aged ; Models, Nursing ; Obesity/*complications/epidemiology/physiopathology ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is known to be closely associated with various metabolic abnormalities including metabolic syndrome. However, there are few data available on the association of metabolic syndrome with the sonographically fatty liver and normal range of liver function test. The purposes of this study were to find the incidence of ultrasonographic fatty liver with normal range of liver function test and to evaluate the association with metabolic syndrome in apparently healthy Korean adults. METHODS: We examined 538 men and women, aged 30-80 years, who participated in a health screening test. Among the people with normal ALT level, we compared clinical characteristics and prevalence of metabolic disorders according to the presence of nonalcoholic sonographyally fatty liver, and then they were subdivided into upper normal range and lower normal range of ALT level. RESULTS: Compared to the people without sonographic fatty liver, people with sonographic fatty liver and normal range of ALT level had odds ratios for metabolic syndrome of 4.53, insulin resistance 4.83, hypertension 2.69, dyslipidemia 6.90, and obesity 5.39, respectively. Furthermore, the prevalence of metabolic syndromes and other metabolic disorders were increased in both sonographically fatty liver group or ultrasonographically normal liver group with upper normal range of ALT level compared with lower normal ALT level (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The nonalcoholic sonographically fatty liver was strongly associated with metabolic syndrome and common metabolic abnormalities even with normal liver function test.
Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Alanine Transaminase/analysis ; Chi-Square Distribution ; Fatty Liver/complications/diagnosis/*ultrasonography ; Female ; Humans ; Insulin Resistance ; Liver Function Tests ; Male ; Metabolic Syndrome X/*diagnosis/epidemiology/etiology ; Middle Aged ; Odds Ratio ; Questionnaires ; ROC Curve ; Risk Factors

BACKGROUND/AIMS: An association between serum uric acid and cancer risk has been noted over the past few decades. There is ongoing debate about whether hyperuricemia represents an independent risk factor for colorectal neoplasm. We investigated the association between serum uric acid and prevalence of colorectal adenoma considering numerous confounding factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed with individuals who underwent a routine health check-up examination, including a screening colonoscopy and blood chemistry. The association between serum uric acid and prevalence of colorectal adenoma was estimated from the results of a logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Of the 1,066 participants, 402 had colorectal adenoma (37.7%). In univariate models, the prevalence of colorectal adenoma was higher in participants in the fourth quartile uric acid level, compared to those in the first quartile uric acid level (OR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.17-2.42; p=0.004). However, no significant association was detected between serum uric acid and prevalence of colorectal adenoma in multiple logistic regression analysis. A number of metabolic syndrome components exhibited a strong association with the prevalence of colorectal adenoma in the multivariate model (OR, 3.46 for highest vs. lowest; 95% CI, 1.30-9.20; p=0.021). Moreover, serum uric acid was strongly associated with metabolic syndrome-associated variables, including waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein. CONCLUSIONS: Uric acid is not an independent risk factor for colorectal adenoma but is a risk indicator for metabolic syndrome-related colorectal adenoma.
Adenoma/*diagnosis/epidemiology/etiology ; Adult ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Blood Glucose/analysis ; Blood Pressure ; Colonoscopy ; Colorectal Neoplasms/*diagnosis/epidemiology/etiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Metabolic Syndrome X/*diagnosis ; Middle Aged ; Odds Ratio ; Prevalence ; Republic of Korea ; Risk Factors ; Triglycerides/blood ; Uric Acid/*blood/urine ; Waist Circumference