Humans ; Metabolic Syndrome ; Telomerase ; metabolism ; Telomere

Low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and metabolic syndrome (MS) are closely correlated. Changes in LDLR expression, feedback regulation and degradation, impacts of LDLR deficiency on blood lipid levels, roles of LDLR in islet β cell dysfunction and cholesterol homeostasis dysregulation, expression of LDLR gene nuclear transcription factors and polymorphism of LDLR gene segments are all involved in the development of specific components of MS. In recent years, a variety of targets and intervention mechanisms in relation to LDLR and MS have been extensively studied. Knowledge about association between LDLR and MS may contribute to the development of strategies for prevention and treatment of MS. This article reviews the update on the association between LDLR and MS.
Homeostasis ; Humans ; Lipid Metabolism ; Lipoproteins, LDL ; Metabolic Syndrome ; Receptors, LDL

No abstract available.
Antioxidants/*metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Metabolic Syndrome X/*blood

Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators ; Endocannabinoids ; Humans ; Metabolic Syndrome ; metabolism

Fatty Liver ; metabolism ; Glucose ; metabolism ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia ; metabolism ; Lipoproteins ; metabolism ; Metabolic Syndrome ; metabolism

The current definition of metabolic syndrome focuses on the individual accumulation of multiple cardiovascular risk factors. However, metabolic syndrome is often also constantly accompanied with abnormal body fat distribution, tissue insulin resistance, low-grade inflammation, and dysfunctional secretion and regulation of adipokines, which have become new highlights in the research of the pathogenesis and clinical indices of metabolic syndrome.
Body Fat Distribution ; C-Reactive Protein ; metabolism ; Humans ; Lipofuscin ; metabolism ; Metabolic Syndrome ; metabolism

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that contain molecules that regulate the metabolic functions of adjacent or remote cells. Recent in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies support the hypothesis that exosomes released from various cell types play roles in the progression of metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes. Based on this concept and advances in other diseases, the proteins, mRNA, microRNA and lipids in exosomes isolated from biological fluids have been proposed as biomarkers in metabolic disorders. However, several problems with the development of clinically applicable biomarkers have not been resolved. In this review, the biologic functions of exosomes are briefly introduced, and we discuss the technical and practical pros and cons of different methods of exosome isolation for the identification of exosomal biomarkers of metabolic disorders. Standardization of preanalytical variables and isolation of high-purity exosomes from fully characterized biological fluids will be necessary for the identification of useful exosomal biomarkers that can provide insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of complications of metabolic syndrome and of whole-body metabolism.
Biomarkers* ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Exosomes* ; Extracellular Vesicles ; In Vitro Techniques ; Metabolic Diseases* ; Metabolic Syndrome X ; Metabolism ; MicroRNAs ; RNA, Messenger

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that contain molecules that regulate the metabolic functions of adjacent or remote cells. Recent in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies support the hypothesis that exosomes released from various cell types play roles in the progression of metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes. Based on this concept and advances in other diseases, the proteins, mRNA, microRNA and lipids in exosomes isolated from biological fluids have been proposed as biomarkers in metabolic disorders. However, several problems with the development of clinically applicable biomarkers have not been resolved. In this review, the biologic functions of exosomes are briefly introduced, and we discuss the technical and practical pros and cons of different methods of exosome isolation for the identification of exosomal biomarkers of metabolic disorders. Standardization of preanalytical variables and isolation of high-purity exosomes from fully characterized biological fluids will be necessary for the identification of useful exosomal biomarkers that can provide insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of complications of metabolic syndrome and of whole-body metabolism.
Biomarkers* ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Exosomes* ; Extracellular Vesicles ; In Vitro Techniques ; Metabolic Diseases* ; Metabolic Syndrome X ; Metabolism ; MicroRNAs ; RNA, Messenger

Excessive fructose intake is related to a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome, while little attention has been paid to the impact of maternal high-fructose (HF) intake on the development of metabolic syndrome and organ-specific transcriptome alterations in the offspring. We utilized RNA next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology to analyze the transcriptome expression in four organs (kidney, brain, heart, and urinary bladder) from 1-day, 3-week, and 3-month-old male offspring exposed to maternal HF diet. Maternal HF induced various phenotypes of metabolic syndrome in adult male offspring. We observed that maternal HF exposure induces long-term alterations of gene expression in the brain, heart, kidney, and urinary bladder in adult offspring. Different organs do not respond similarly to maternal HF intake. We found that changes in expression of Errfi1 and Ctgf were shared by four organs at 1 day of age. Also, a number of genes regulating fructose metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, fatty acid metabolism, and insulin signalling appear to be regulated by maternal HF intake in different organs at 1 day of age. Our NGS results are of significance to the development of maternal interventions in the prevention of maternal HF-induced organ-specific programming, in order to reduce the global burden of metabolic syndrome.
Animals ; Female ; Fructose ; Kidney ; Lipid Metabolism ; Male ; Metabolic Syndrome ; Pregnancy ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Transcriptome

As an essential metabolic molecule, bile acids regulate triglyceride, cholesterol, energy metabolism. Bariatric surgery offers a treatment that can reduce weight and induce metabolic syndrome, but the mechanism is still unclear. New researches reveal that serum bile acids are elevated after surgery, as well as the improvement of metabolic disease. The surgery changes gastrointestinal tract, resulting in a short circuiting of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids. Here we review the bile acids metabolism and their effect after bariatric surgery.
Bariatric Surgery ; Bile Acids and Salts ; Enterohepatic Circulation ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Humans ; Lipid Metabolism ; Metabolic Syndrome