Adult ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; statistics & numerical data ; China ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Hypertension ; ethnology ; Metabolic Syndrome ; ethnology

Objective: To explore the relationship between meat consumption and metabolic syndrome (MS) in Chinese adults aged ≥18 years. Methods: The data were obtained from 2010- 2012 National Nutrition and Health Survey. A total of 34 923 subjects who completed the dietary survey, the physical examination and had the testing results of blood sugar and blood lipid levels were enrolled in this study. MS was defined according to the diagnostic criteria of China Diabetes Society 2013. The prevalence ratios of MS and each form of MS and related 95%CI were calculated after post stratification weight according to the population data (2009) released by the national bureau of statistics. Results: The average meat intake among subjects was 94.8 g/d. People who had meat consumption between 100 g/d and 199 g/d had the lowest prevalence of MS, abdominal obesity and hyperglycemia. As the meat consumption increased, the prevalence of MS in men increased. Men who had meat consumption of ≥300 g/d had a higher risk of MS than those who had low level of meat consumption, with prevalence ratio equaled to 1.46 (95%CI: 1.14~1.87). Similar trend was not observed in women. Conclusion: Moderate intake of meat is associated with reduced risk of MS in Chinese adults.
Adolescent ; Adult ; China/epidemiology* ; Diet ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Meat ; Metabolic Syndrome/ethnology* ; Obesity, Abdominal/ethnology* ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors

OBJECTIVETo analyze the prevalence and risk factors of metabolic syndrome (MS) in Xinjiang Uygur adults.

METHODSWith cluster random sampling, investigations including questionnaire, physical examination and blood testing were performed among 3442 Uygur adults among in Kashgar of Xinjiang on November 2010. Prevalence of MS in groups with different characteristics were calculated and non-conditional logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the risk factors.

RESULTSThe prevalence of MS was 21.2% (728/3442), and the age-adjusted prevalence was 18.5%. The prevalence among males and females was 14.5% (245/1694) (age-adjusted prevalence 12.7%) and 27.6% (483/1748) (age-adjusted prevalence 24.4%) respectively (P < 0.05). The prevalence of MS among 18 to 24 years old and 65 years old and above were 4.3% (21/490) and 28.9% (109/377) respectively. The prevalence of MS increased with age (χ(2) = 204.13, P < 0.05). The prevalence of low blood HDL-C, central obesity, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia was 57.5% (1978/3442), 44.5% (1531/3442), 27.5% (948/3442), 20.2% (696/3442) and 8.6% (297/3442) respectively. Compared to age group 18 - 24, the risk of MS occurrence was higher in age group 25 - 34, 35 - 44, 45 - 54, 55 - 64 and 65 years-old above, the according OR (95%CI) values were 2.29 (1.38 - 3.81), 6.91 (4.31 - 11.09), 10.81 (6.72 - 17.40), 12.52 (7.74 - 20.26) and 10.20 (6.20 - 16.78), respectively. Smoking also increased the risk of MS (OR = 2.35, 95%CI: 1.64 - 3.37).

CONCLUSIONThe prevalence of MS in Xinjiang Uygur was in high level; The prevalence of MS is higher in female than in male; The risk factors of MS included female, age and smoking.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Metabolic Syndrome ; ethnology ; Middle Aged ; Minority Groups ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVE: To verify the association between sleep duration and television time with cardiometabolic risk and the moderating role of age, gender, and skin color/ethnicity in this relationship among adolescents. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 1411 adolescents (800 girls) aged 10 to 17 years. Television time, sleep duration, age, gender, and skin color/ethnicity were obtained by self-reported questionnaire. Cardiometabolic risk was evaluated using the continuous metabolic risk score, by the sum of the standard z-score values for each risk factor: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, glycemia, cardiorespiratory fitness, systolic blood pressure, and waist circumference. Generalized linear regression models were used. RESULTS: There was an association between television time and cardiometabolic risk (β, 0.002; 95% CI, 0.001; 0.003). Short sleep duration (β, 0.422; 95% CI, 0.012; 0.833) was positively associated with cardiometabolic risk. Additionally, age moderated the relationship between television time and cardiometabolic risk (β, - 0.009; 95% CI, - 0.002; - 0.001), suggesting that this relationship was stronger at ages 11 and 13 years (β, 0.004; 95% CI, 0.001; 0.006) compared to 13 to 15 years (β, 0.002; 95% CI, 0.001; 0.004). No association was found in older adolescents (β, 0.001; 95% CI, - 0.002; 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Television time and sleep duration are associated with cardiometabolic risk; adolescents with short sleep have higher cardiometabolic risk. In addition, age plays a moderating role in the relationship between TV time and cardiometabolic risk, indicating that in younger adolescents the relationship is stronger compared to older ones.
Age Factors ; Brazil ; epidemiology ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; epidemiology ; ethnology ; etiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Metabolic Syndrome ; epidemiology ; ethnology ; etiology ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Sedentary Behavior ; ethnology ; Sex Factors ; Sleep ; Television ; statistics & numerical data

OBJECTIVETo study the relationship between serum uric acid (SUA) level and metabolic syndrome (MS) in Uygur children and adolescents with overweight or obesity.

METHODSA total of 173 Uygur children or adolescents who were either overweight or obese and 200 controls with normal body weight were included in the study. Body weight, height, waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and SUA were measured.

RESULTSThe overweight and obesity groups had significantly higher SUA levels (235 ± 42 and 285 ± 42 μmol/L respectively) than the control group (199 ± 32 μmol/L; P<0.01). The subjects with SUA levels of 300-349 μmol/L and ≥ 350 μmol/L had significantly higher incidence of MS, overweight/obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia than those with SUA levels of <250 μmol/L and 250-299 μmol/L (P<0.01). There were significant differences in SUA levels between groups with different MS components. SUA level was significantly increased in groups with more MS components (P<0.01). Every 1 kg/m2 increment in body mass index (BMI) was associated with 5.74 μmol/L increase in SUA level, according to a multivariate regression analysis.

CONCLUSIONSUygur children and adolescents who are either overweight or obese have higher SUA levels than those with normal body weight. The incidence of MS and its components rises with increasing SUA level. BMI has a positive relationship with SUA.

Adolescent ; Body Mass Index ; Child ; China ; ethnology ; Female ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Male ; Metabolic Syndrome ; blood ; Obesity ; blood ; Overweight ; blood ; Uric Acid ; blood

OBJECTIVETo assess the association between a rs7903146(C/T) polymorphism of TCF7L2 gene and metabolic syndrome (MS), plasma lipoprotein, and plasma adiponectin (PA) in Chinese Korean and Han populations from Yanbian region.

METHODSPolymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing were used to determine the genotype of rs7903146 in 310 Chinese Korean (190 in case group and 120 in control group) and 344 Chinese Han (255 in case group and 89 in control group). ELIAS was used to test serum insulin (INS) and PA.

RESULTSThe frequency of T allele was higher in ethnic Han compared with ethnic Koreans (0.022 vs. 0.008), lower than that of Europeans (0.279) and Africans (0.257), but similar to those of Beijing Chinese and Japanese. For ethnic Korean Chinese, the frequencies of TT and CT genotypes as well as the T allele in patients with EH were significantly higher than those of the control group (P< 0.01), which also showed an increasing trend for both MS and T2DM groups (P=0.09 and P=0.07, respectively). By contrast, for Chinese Han, the frequencies of genotypes and particular allele in patients with MS, T2DM and EH showed no significant difference from those of the control group. For T2DM, EH, and control groups, PA level of individuals with CT or TT genotypes was significantly higher compared with that of the CC genotype (P< 0.05). The TC and LDL-C levels were significantly higher in T2DM, MS and EH groups compared with those of the control group. The PA level was lower in MS group compared with the control group.

CONCLUSIONThe T allele of SNP rs7903146 of TCF7L2 gene may be a risk factor for EH in Chinese Korean population from Yanbian region. The T allele also affects the PA level; lower PA is a risk factor for MS. The rs7903146 polymorphism showed a racial and ethnic difference.

Adiponectin ; blood ; Base Sequence ; China ; ethnology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Metabolic Syndrome ; blood ; enzymology ; genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Transcription Factor 7-Like 2 Protein ; genetics ; metabolism

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to study the appropriate cut-off value of visceral fat area (VFA) and waist-to-height ratio (WTHR) which increase the risk of obesity-related disorders and to validate the diagnostic criteria of abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome in Korean children and adolescents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total 314 subjects (131 boys and 183 girls) were included in this study. The subjects were selected from Korean children and adolescents who visited three University hospitals in Seoul and Uijeongbu from January 1999 to December 2009. All patients underwent computed tomography to measure VFA. RESULTS: The cut-off value of VFA associated with an increase risk of obesity-related disorder, according to the receiver operating characteristics curve, was 68.57 cm2 (sensitivity 59.8%, specificity 76.6%, p=0.01) for age between 10 to 15 years, and 71.10 cm2 (sensitivity 72.3%, specificity 76.5%, p<0.001) for age between 16 to 18 years. By simple regression analysis, the WTHR corresponding to a VFA of 68.57 cm2 was 0.54 for boys and 0.61 for girls, and the WTHR corresponding to a VFA of 71.10 cm2 was 0.51 for boys and 0.56 for girls (p=0.004 for boys, p<0.001 for girls). CONCLUSION: Based on the results of this study, VFA which increases the risk of obesity-related disorders was 68.57 cm2 and the WTHR corresponding to this VFA was 0.54 for boys and 0.61 for girls age between 10-15 years, 71.70 cm2 and the WTHR 0.51 for boys and 0.56 for girls age between 16-18 years. For appropriate diagnostic criteria of abdominal obesity and obesity-related disorders in Korean children and adolescents, further studies are required.
Adolescent ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group/*statistics & numerical data ; *Body Height ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Intra-Abdominal Fat/*pathology ; Male ; Metabolic Syndrome X/ethnology/pathology ; Obesity/*ethnology/*pathology ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Risk Factors ; *Waist Circumference

Objective: To analyze the prevalence and co-prevalence of cardio metabolic (CM) risk factors in adults in China. Methods: The project data of 2015 Nutritional Status and Health Transition of Chinese Residents were used, and 5 456 adults aged 18-59 years with complete socio-demographic, anthropometric, and blood biochemical data were selected as the study subjects. The definition released by the International Diabetes Federation in 2005 were used to define each CM risk factors, including central obesity, elevated TG, reduced HDL-C, elevated blood pressure and elevated FPG. The co-prevalence of the risk factors was defined as adults having ≥2 risk factors. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between CM risk and socio-demographic factors. Results: About 80.8% of adults had at least 1 risk factor, and 54.0% had co-prevalence of risk factors. Gender, age, education level and living area were significantly associated with the prevalence of major metabolic risk factors. After adjusting for other factors, compared with men, women were more likely to have central obesity and reduced HDL-C, but not more likely to have elevated blood pressure, elevated FPG and elevated TG (P<0.01). Compared with adults aged 18-44 years, adults aged 45-59 years were more likely to have central obesity, elevated blood pressure, elevated FPG and elevated TG (P<0.01). The odds of having central obesity, elevated blood pressure and elevated fasting plasma glucose in the adults in eastern China were significantly higher than those in the central and western China. Conclusions: In 2015, less than 20% of the adults aged 18-59 years in China had no cardio metabolic risk factors, and more than half of them had two or more risk factors. Gender, age and living areas were the major influencing factors. It is necessary to take effective intervention measures targeting adults at high-risk for the early prevention of cardiovascular disease.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Alcohol Drinking/epidemiology* ; Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology* ; China/epidemiology* ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Metabolic Syndrome/ethnology* ; Middle Aged ; Obesity/ethnology* ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Smoking/epidemiology* ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo investigate the genetic variations of the six transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate 4 gene (STEAP4) in Chinese Uygur patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and to analyze the association of the representative genetic variations of STEAP4 gene with MetS in the population.

METHODSThe sequences of STEAP4 gene functional region (all exons, exon-intron boundaries and the putative promoter region, including the -1 kb 5'and 3'untranslated regions) were amplified and sequenced for patients with MetS. The representative variations were selected based on the function (missense mutation) and linkage disequilibrxium (γ² > 0.8) and genotyped with TaqMan-PCR method in 1910 general populations (682 MetS and 1228 non-MetS controls). The subjects were selected from the cross-sectional study of obesity, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia from January to February 2007 among Uygur people, a relatively isolated population with a relatively homogeneous environment, in Hextian area in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.

RESULTS(1) Fourteen novel and six known single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or mutations, including 2 missense mutations, were identified at the functional region of STEAP4 gene in 96 Uygur patients with MetS. The minor allele frequencies of the SNPs of STEAP4 gene in Uygur population were different from that in European and Chinese Han in Beijing area. (2) The SNP 364G/A (rs34741656, Ala122Thr) was significantly associated with MetS [dominant model P = 0.034, OR = 0.757(95%CI: 0.584-0.982) adjusted for age and gender], and was associated with fasting blood glucose (FBG) (P = 0.049) and 2-hour postprandial glucose (2HPG) (P = 0.027) levels in controls. In this SNP, the AA carriers had lower blood glucose levels compared with subjects carrying GG and GT genotypes. (3) The common haplotype H4 (rs8122/rs1981529/ rs34741656, G-A-A), may be associated with MetS (permutation P = 0.089).

CONCLUSIONSTEAP 4 genetic polymorphisms may be associated with MetS risk in Chinese Uygur population.

Adult ; Aged ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; genetics ; China ; ethnology ; Ethnic Groups ; genetics ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Male ; Membrane Proteins ; genetics ; Metabolic Syndrome ; etiology ; genetics ; Middle Aged ; Oxidoreductases ; genetics ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide

OBJECTIVETo investigate the association between occupational psychological stress and metabolic syndrome (MS) in Hui and Han populations in Ningxia, China.

METHODSA 1:1 matched case-control study was performed. A total of 600 unrelated patients aged from 20 to 60 years who were clearly diagnosed with MS in General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University and Wuzhong People's Hospital from October 2011 to October 2012 were collected as the case group (MS group). A total of 600 healthy people who underwent a regular health examination in the same hospital during the same period were selected as the control group with matched gender, nationality, and age (≤ ± 3 years). The self-designed questionnaire was used to investigate the general situations and do the physical examination, and the fasting venous blood samples were collected for laboratory biochemical blood tests. The Occupational Stress Inventory (OSI) was used to investigate the subjects' occupational stress factors and stress levels.

RESULTSWith the increase in stress levels, the levels of WC, FPG, TG, AST, and UA were increased, WHR, SBP, and DBP first increased and then decreased, and the level of HDL-C increased. There were statistically significant differences in these parameters between the two groups (P < 0.05 or 0.01). The occupational psychological stress test results showed that the total score of stress factors (t = 6.676, P < 0.05), workload (t = 10.269, P < 0.05), interpersonal relationship (t = 6.569, P < 0.05), family/work balance (t = 2.028, P < 0.05), cognitive load (t = 8.714, P < 0.05), and other scores (t = 2.838, P < 0.05) in the MS group were all significantly higher than those in the control group, but there were no significant differences in the scores of management role, work responsibilities, and organizational climate between the MS group and the control group (P>0.05). There were no significant differences in the total score of stress factors and the score of each factor between Hui and Han groups (P>0.05). The relative risks of MS in the people with moderate stress exposure were 2.325 and 2.331 times those in the people with mild stress exposure before and after adjustment for age, gender, education level, marriage status, smoking, and drinking, and the relative risks for MS in the people with severe stress exposure were 3.000 and 3.126 times those in the people with mild stress exposure. There were significant differences in the detection rates of abdominal obesity, high TG, low HDL-C, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and diabetes between the sub-groups with different stress levels in the MS group (χ² = 17.636, 8.514, 14.640, 14.280, and 33.323, P < 0.01). The results of multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis showed that the risk factors for MS were SBP, TG, LDL-C, UA, BMI, fasting blood glucose, family history of hypertension, family history of diabetes, and the level of psychological stress in Ningxia, and the protective factor for MS was HDL-C.

CONCLUSIONThe occupational psychological stress is closely associated with MS, and it is an environmental risk factor for MS. With the increase in the stress level, the detection rates of MS components and the relative risk for MS are significantly increased. And there is no significant difference in the level of occupational psychological stress between the Hui and Han nationality groups.

Adult ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; ethnology ; Case-Control Studies ; China ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Logistic Models ; Metabolic Syndrome ; epidemiology ; Middle Aged ; Occupational Diseases ; epidemiology ; Risk Factors ; Smoking ; Stress, Psychological ; epidemiology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Workload