Humans ; Liver Diseases ; complications ; diagnosis ; Metabolic Syndrome ; complications ; diagnosis

Insulin resistance refers to a pathological condition in which cells fail to respond sufficiently to insulin,leading to impaired glucose uptake and utilization. In recent years,some skin diseases have been found to be associated with metabolic syndrome,and insulin resistance is considered to be the most important pathophysiological feature of the metabolic syndrome. Recent literatures have described the role of insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of these skin diseases. This article elucidates the mechanisms of insulin resistance involved in skin diseases.
Humans ; Insulin ; Insulin Resistance ; Metabolic Syndrome ; Skin Diseases ; complications

INTRODUCTIONTo review the definitions of the metabolic syndrome according to various expert groups and assess their relevance to clinical practice.

MATERIALS AND METHODSMedline searches were conducted to identify studies which addressed: (i) the utility of the metabolic syndrome compared to multivariable predictive functions for the identification of individuals at high risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD), (ii) the importance and definition of obesity in the definition of the metabolic syndrome and (iii) the impact of lifestyle and pharmacological interventions designed to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in those with and without the metabolic syndrome.

RESULTSAlthough inferior to multivariable risk scores in predicting T2DM and CVD, the metabolic syndrome represents a simple clinical tool, particularly for the prediction of T2DM. Obesity is not a critical component of the metabolic syndrome for identifying those at increased risk of CVD but may be important for predicting T2DM. If anything, pharmacological therapy, especially lipid lowering is as, if not more, effective in those with the metabolic syndrome than in those without.

CONCLUSIONSAlthough the metabolic syndrome appears to have limited utility for the identification of individuals at increased risk of T2DM or CVD, the diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome presents an opportunity to rationalise health services to deliver coordinated care to those with metabolic syndrome.

Cardiovascular Diseases ; etiology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; etiology ; Humans ; Metabolic Syndrome ; complications ; diagnosis ; Obesity ; complications

Bone Diseases, Metabolic ; diagnosis ; etiology ; therapy ; Chronic Disease ; Humans ; Liver Diseases ; complications ; diagnosis ; therapy

Adult ; Bone Diseases, Metabolic ; etiology ; Female ; Fractures, Spontaneous ; etiology ; Humans ; Liver Diseases, Alcoholic ; complications

Cardiovascular Diseases ; complications ; prevention & control ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; complications ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Metabolic Syndrome ; complications ; prevention & control

Inborn errors of metabolism constitute an important cause of neurological disease in the neonatal period and can present clinically as encephalopathy. Although it is relatively rare, it is important to have a high index of suspicion. Appropriate investigations and a step-wise approach to diagnosis allow for early institution of treatment and can prevent significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of this article is to give a brief outline of the various inborn errors of metabolism to consider in neonatal encephalopathy and to provide a framework for investigation and diagnosis.
Brain Diseases, Metabolic ; etiology ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Metabolism, Inborn Errors ; complications ; diagnosis

Adult ; Age Factors ; Child ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; Humans ; Metabolic Diseases ; etiology ; Pediatric Obesity ; complications ; genetics

Uremic encephalopathy is a well-known disease with typical MR findings including bilateral vasogenic or cytotoxic edema at the cerebral cortex or basal ganglia. Involvement of the basal ganglia has been very rarely reported, typically occurring in uremic-diabetic patients. We recently treated a patient who had non-diabetic uremic encephalopathy with an atypical lesion distribution involving the supratentorial white matter, without cortical or basal ganglia involvement. To the best of our knowledge, this is only the second reported case of non-diabetic uremic encephalopathy with atypical MR findings.
Adult ; Brain Diseases, Metabolic/*diagnosis ; *Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Humans ; Male ; Uremia/*complications

BACKGROUNDMetabolic syndrome (MetS) and atrial fibrillation (AF) are causally related. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of MetS in patients with AF in the absence of structural heart disease from a tertiary hospital in China.

METHODSIn a single center, 741 inpatients with AF in the absence of structural heart disease prior to catheter ablation were retrospectively reviewed. Among them, 588 (79.4%) patients had paroxysmal AF. Subgroup analyses were performed in paroxysmal AF and persistent/permanent AF.

RESULTSMetS was found in 343 (46.3%) patients (200 males, 143 females); 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 components of the MetS were found in 59 (8.0%), 140 (18.9%), 199 (26.9%), 203 (27.4%), 103 (13.9%) and 37 (5.0%) patients, respectively. The prevalences of overweight/obesity, high blood pressure, high glucose level, high triglyceride level and low high density lipoproteins cholesterol level were 53.8%, 47.6%, 23.2%, 40.6% and 72.1%, respectively. The prevalence of MetS was not significantly different between the paroxysmal AF group and the persistent/permanent AF group (44.6% vs 52.9%, P = 0.064). The five components of MetS except overweight/obesity (69.3% vs 49.8%, P < 0.001) were not significantly different between the aforementioned two groups. The left atrium diameter increased with the sum of the MetS components. The left atrium diameter in the MetS group was significantly higher than that in the non-MetS group both in patients with paroxysmal AF and in patients with persistent/permanent AF.

CONCLUSIONSThe prevalence of MetS in patients with AF prior to catheter ablation is high. Further study and prevention are needed.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Atrial Fibrillation ; complications ; Catheter Ablation ; Female ; Heart Diseases ; complications ; Humans ; Male ; Metabolic Syndrome ; epidemiology ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence