Objectives: Because appetite-regulating hormones are implicated in neuronal survival, growth, and differentiation, they have been suggested to play a role in anxiety disorders. To date, few studies have focused on the association between these hormones and anxiety disorders in children. This study investigated the potential differences in leptin, ghrelin, and nesfatin-1 serum levels in drug-naïve children with anxiety disorders, including social anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder, and in healthy controls. Methods: This study included 45 children (14 boys and 31 girls) with anxiety disorders and 35 healthy controls (13 boys and 22 girls) aged 8–18 years. The severity of anxiety disorders and additional symptoms were evaluated using the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scales–Child Version. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to evaluate leptin, ghrelin, and nesfatin-1 serum levels. Results: Leptin levels were significantly higher in children with anxiety disorders than in the control group, and ghrelin and nesfatin-1 levels were significantly lower in children with anxiety disorders than in the control group for girls and for the entire sample. However, only low nesfatin-1 levels were significantly associated with anxiety disorders in boys. In the entire sample, potential confounders such as age, sex, body mass index, and the severity of depressive symptoms were controlled for, and the results were the same for ghrelin and nesfatin-1 levels. However, the difference in leptin levels between groups was not significant. Conclusion These findings suggest that dysregulation of ghrelin and nesfatin-1 concentrations may be related to the etiopathogenesis of childhood anxiety disorders.

Objectives: Because appetite-regulating hormones are implicated in neuronal survival, growth, and differentiation, they have been suggested to play a role in anxiety disorders. To date, few studies have focused on the association between these hormones and anxiety disorders in children. This study investigated the potential differences in leptin, ghrelin, and nesfatin-1 serum levels in drug-naïve children with anxiety disorders, including social anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder, and in healthy controls. Methods: This study included 45 children (14 boys and 31 girls) with anxiety disorders and 35 healthy controls (13 boys and 22 girls) aged 8–18 years. The severity of anxiety disorders and additional symptoms were evaluated using the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scales–Child Version. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to evaluate leptin, ghrelin, and nesfatin-1 serum levels. Results: Leptin levels were significantly higher in children with anxiety disorders than in the control group, and ghrelin and nesfatin-1 levels were significantly lower in children with anxiety disorders than in the control group for girls and for the entire sample. However, only low nesfatin-1 levels were significantly associated with anxiety disorders in boys. In the entire sample, potential confounders such as age, sex, body mass index, and the severity of depressive symptoms were controlled for, and the results were the same for ghrelin and nesfatin-1 levels. However, the difference in leptin levels between groups was not significant. Conclusion These findings suggest that dysregulation of ghrelin and nesfatin-1 concentrations may be related to the etiopathogenesis of childhood anxiety disorders.

Objectives: Because appetite-regulating hormones are implicated in neuronal survival, growth, and differentiation, they have been suggested to play a role in anxiety disorders. To date, few studies have focused on the association between these hormones and anxiety disorders in children. This study investigated the potential differences in leptin, ghrelin, and nesfatin-1 serum levels in drug-naïve children with anxiety disorders, including social anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder, and in healthy controls. Methods: This study included 45 children (14 boys and 31 girls) with anxiety disorders and 35 healthy controls (13 boys and 22 girls) aged 8–18 years. The severity of anxiety disorders and additional symptoms were evaluated using the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scales–Child Version. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to evaluate leptin, ghrelin, and nesfatin-1 serum levels. Results: Leptin levels were significantly higher in children with anxiety disorders than in the control group, and ghrelin and nesfatin-1 levels were significantly lower in children with anxiety disorders than in the control group for girls and for the entire sample. However, only low nesfatin-1 levels were significantly associated with anxiety disorders in boys. In the entire sample, potential confounders such as age, sex, body mass index, and the severity of depressive symptoms were controlled for, and the results were the same for ghrelin and nesfatin-1 levels. However, the difference in leptin levels between groups was not significant. Conclusion These findings suggest that dysregulation of ghrelin and nesfatin-1 concentrations may be related to the etiopathogenesis of childhood anxiety disorders.

Drug-induced acute dystonia is usually associated with combination therapies of neuroleptics, but rarely with the withdrawal or rebound effect of various psychotrops. Very sparse reports have described acute dystonia as a methylphenidate withdrawal (rebound effect), particularly in combination modalities. However, there is no case report or research regarding acute dystonia related to the withdrawal of the short-acting methylphenidate-immediate release form (MPH-IR) in the case of monotherapy of MPH-IR or a combination with guanfacine. Herein, a pediatric case of recurrent acute dystonia with two separate phenomena, locating orolingual and oromandibular/lower extremities, is presented as a withdrawal adverse reaction occurring after abrupt discontinuation of MPH-IR when under a combination therapy with guanfacine. Various options such as anticholinergic agents, re-administrating MPH, or turning to monotherapy from combination modalities, can be suggested in treatment, as well as only hydration may also have the benefit of resolving the symptoms, as in the current case. Practitioners should be aware of all possible adverse effects of MPH, even the rebound effect of short-acting forms.