The experience of Professor LI Zhidao is introduced in the treatment of mental disorders by "regulating the heart and smoothing the liver". In his experience, the basic prescription includes: penetrating needling technique from Neiguan (PC 6) to Jianshi (PC 5), Ximen (PC 4), penetrating needling technique from Qiuxu (GB 40) to Zhaohai (KI 6) and penetrating needling technique at four groups of acupoints on the gallbladder meridian [Hanyan (GB 4) to Xuanlu (GB 5) and Xuanli (GB 6), Qubin (GB 7) to Shuaigu (GB 8), Shuaigu (GB 8) to Tianchong (GB 9), Tianchong (GB 9) to Fubai (GB 10) and Touqiaoyin (GB 11)]. The manipulation with respiration involved is combined with interactive needling technique so that the patients can feel the weak needling sensation at the local acupoint regions during the treatment. In the paper, the concrete clinical cases are introduced to explain this application and the satisfactory efficacy achieved. The therapeutic method provides a new approach to the clinical treatment of mental disorders.
Acupuncture Therapy ; Adult ; Female ; Heart ; physiopathology ; Humans ; Liver ; physiopathology ; Mental Disorders ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Meridians ; Middle Aged

The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics of children with mental retardation (MR) of unknown etiology for early recognition and intervention. In this study, we defined children with MR of unknown etiology as those without clear etiologies for MR despite extensive evaluation and were not associated with pathological behavioral problems such as pervasive developmental disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The clinical characteristics of children with MR of unknown etiology were as follows. 1) MR of unknown etiology was 48.8% of all MR. 2) MR of unknown etiology was more common in males. 3) Delayed language development was a leading factor that made the parents of children with MR of unknown etiology seek help from physicians. However, most of the children with MR of unknown etiology showed a relatively uniform delay in several areas of development. 4) Most children with MR of unknown etiology were delayed walkers. 5) Most children with MR of unknown etiology were mild cases.
Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Human ; Korea ; Language Development Disorders ; Male ; Mental Retardation/psychology ; Mental Retardation/physiopathology* ; Mental Retardation/etiology ; Retrospective Studies

Objective To explore the impulse control and event-related potential （ERP） characteristics of patients with mental disorders caused by traumatic brain injury （TBI） in forensic psychiatry identification and to provide objective auxiliary indicators for forensic psychiatry identification. Methods Thirty patients （TBI group） with mental disorders caused by traumatic brain injury, who were identified as mild psychiatric impairment by judicial psychiatry, including 24 males and 6 females, as well as the thirty people in the control group participated in the study. All the participants completed Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 （BIS-11） and ERP induced by Go/NoGo tasks. BIS-11 and ERP data were collected and analyzed. Results The results of the BIS-11 showed that the total score and subscale scores of the TBI group were higher compared to the control group （P<0.05）. Moreover, the TBI group exhibited significantly lower NoGo-N2 amplitude and lower NoGo-P3 amplitude than the control group. The NoGo-N2 amplitude was larger than the Go-N2 amplitude, and the NoGo-P3 amplitude was larger than the Go-P3 amplitude in both groups （P<0.05）. Conclusion Traumatic brain injury could impair impulse control of mild psychiatric impairment patients, and the amplitudes of NoGo-N2 and NoGo-P3 could be important parameters to evaluate the impulse control of patients with mental disorders caused by traumatic brain injury.
Brain Injuries, Traumatic/complications* ; Electroencephalography ; Evoked Potentials ; Female ; Humans ; Inhibition, Psychological ; Male ; Mental Disorders/physiopathology* ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Reaction Time

No abstract available.
Academies and Institutes ; Behavioral Symptoms/classification/*diagnosis/physiopathology ; Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale/standards ; Humans ; Korea ; Mental Disorders/classification/*diagnosis/physiopathology ; *Practice Guidelines as Topic

Quantifying and rating the impairments due to mental and behavior disorders are difficult for their own characteristics. Korean Academy of Medical Sciences (KAMS) is developing guidelines of rating impairment in mental and behavioral disorders based on Korean Neuropsychiatric Association (KNPA)'s new guidelines. We compared the new KNPA's guidelines and the American Medical Association (AMA)'s 6th Guides in assessing impairment due to mental and behavioral disorders to develop new guidelines of KAMS. Two guidelines are different in diagnosing system, applicable disorders, qualification of assessors, application of scales, contents of assessment and rate of impairment of the whole person. Both AMA's and the proposed guidelines have individual merits and characteristics. There is a limitation in using the 6th AMA's Guides in Korean situation. However to improve objectivity in Korean assessment of psychiatric impairment, the new AMA's Guides can serve as a good reference.
Academies and Institutes ; Behavioral Symptoms/classification/*diagnosis/physiopathology ; Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale/standards ; *Disability Evaluation ; Humans ; Korea ; Mental Disorders/classification/*diagnosis/physiopathology ; *Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Program Development

OBJECTIVETo review the main neuropsychiatric disorders and cognitive deficits in patients with Cushing's disease (CD) and the associated pathophysiological mechanisms underlying CD. These mechanistic details may provide recommendations for preventing or treating the cognitive impairments and mood disorders in patients with CD.

DATA SOURCESData were obtained from papers on psychiatric and cognitive complications in CD published in English within the last 20 years. To perform the PubMed literature search, the following keywords were input: cushing's disease, cognitive, hippocampal, or glucocorticoids.

STUDY SELECTIONStudies were selected if they contained data relevant to the topic addressed in the particular section. Because of the limited length of this article, we have frequently referenced recent reviews that contain a comprehensive amalgamation of literature rather than the actual source papers.

RESULTSPatients with active CD not only suffer from many characteristic clinical features, but also show some neuropsychiatric disorders and cognitive impairments. Among the psychiatric manifestations, the common ones are emotional instability, depressive disorder, anxious symptoms, impulsivity, and cognitive impairment. Irreversible effects of previous glucocorticoid (GC) excess on the central nervous system, such as hippocampal and the basal ganglia, is the most reasonable reason. Excess secretion of cortisol brings much structural and functional changes in hippocampal, such as changes in neurogenesis and morphology, signaling pathway, gene expression, and glutamate accumulation. Hippocampal volume loss can be found in most patients with CD, and decreased glucose utilization caused by GCs may lead to brain atrophy, neurogenesis impairment, inhibition of long-term potentiation, and decreased neurotrophic factors; these may also explain the mechanisms of GC-induced brain atrophy and hippocampal changes.

CONCLUSIONSBrain atrophy and hippocampal changes caused by excess secretion of cortisol are thought to play a significant pathophysiological role in the etiology of changes in cognitive function and psychiatric disturbances. The exact mechanisms by which GCs induce hippocampal volume loss are not very clear till now. So, further investigations into the mechanisms by which GCs affect the brain and the effective coping strategy are essential.

Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ; genetics ; Cognition Disorders ; etiology ; Glucocorticoids ; physiology ; Hippocampus ; pathology ; physiology ; Humans ; Mental Disorders ; etiology ; Neurogenesis ; Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion ; complications ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Quality of Life ; Signal Transduction

This study investigated the patterns of alcohol disorder comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders, using Korean nationwide epidemiological data. By two-stage cluster sampling, 5,176 adult household residents of Korea were interviewed using the Korean version of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Psychiatric disorders strongly associated with alcohol disorders were, other drug abuse or dependence, major depression, simple phobia, antisocial personality disorder, tobacco dependence, and pathological gambling. Male alcoholics had a tendency to begin with tobacco dependence, and some male pathological gamblers first had alcohol disorders. The presence of comorbid psychiatric disorders was associated with a more severe form and the later onset of alcohol disorders, and associated with help-seeking for alcohol abuse/dependence.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Age of Onset ; Aged ; Alcohol-Induced Disorders/*epidemiology/physiopathology/psychology ; Alcoholism/*epidemiology/physiopathology/psychology ; Cluster Analysis ; Comorbidity ; Female ; Humans ; Interviews as Topic ; Male ; Mental Disorders/*epidemiology/physiopathology ; Middle Aged ; Patient Acceptance of Health Care ; Time Factors

Studies indicate that sleep problems in children and adolescents are highly prevalent, with prevalence rates ranging from 25% to 40%. They are even more common in special populations, especially children with psychiatric issues. Furthermore, sleep issues are often persistent. Unfortunately, sleep disturbances often do not receive the attention that they deserve, especially since they are often highly amenable to intervention. Sleep problems, in general, range from those that are physiologically-based, such as obstructive sleep apnoea and restless legs syndrome, to those that are behaviorally-based. The behaviourally-based sleep disorders are reviewed, including a discussion of assessment, prevalence and treatment. Non-pharmacologic approaches are usually the preferred treatment and have received the most empirical support in paediatric populations. It is strongly recommended that all paediatric healthcare providers consider sleep issues in their comprehensive assessment of all children and adolescents, especially those with psychiatric issues, and provide preventive education as part of their usual standard of care.
Adolescent ; Arousal ; Behavior Therapy ; Child ; Comorbidity ; Humans ; Medical History Taking ; Mental Disorders ; epidemiology ; Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm ; epidemiology ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders ; epidemiology ; Sleep Wake Disorders ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; physiopathology ; therapy

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the traits of neuropsychological functioning deficits in patients with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with comorbid disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders (DICCD). METHODS: Twenty out-patients with ADHD, 20 with ADHD with comorbid DICCD, and 20 with DICCD, all aged 6-16 years, were enrolled in this study, with 20 healthy subjects matched for age, gender and IQ serving as the healthy controls. The patients were diagnosed according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Revision (DSM-5). All the subjects were assessed with Golden Stroop test and emotional Stroop test to evaluate their response inhibition and emotional responding. RESULTS: In Golden Stroop test, the interference scores (IGs) of errors and reaction time both differed significantly among the groups ( < 0.05), and were the highest in patients with ADHD only. In emotional Stroop test, the mean reaction time (MRT) showed significant differences among the groups ( < 0.05); the MRT of positive- congruent trials in ADHD with comorbid DICCD group was shorter than that in ADHD group but longer than that in group DICCD; the MRT in the 3 case groups were all longer than that in the control group. The MRT of both positive-incongruent trials and negative-congruent trials in ADHD with comorbid DICCD group and DICCD group was shorter than that in ADHD group but longer than that in the control group. The MRT of negative- incongruent trials in DICCD group was shorter than that in ADHD group and ADHD with comorbid DICCD group but longer than that in the control group. CONCLUSIONS The response inhibition deficit and abnormal emotional responding are the core symptoms of ADHD. Bias emotional stimuli may render response inhibitory dysfunction in patients with DICCD with callous-unemotional traits of emotional responding disorder, especially in dealing with negative emotional trials, while the comorbidity of ADHD and DICCD tends to have the emotional response trait of DICCD.
Adolescent ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ; diagnosis ; physiopathology ; Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders ; diagnosis ; physiopathology ; Case-Control Studies ; Child ; Comorbidity ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Emotions ; Humans ; Reaction Time ; Stroop Test

OBJECTIVETo probe into the central nervous mechanism of acupuncture at Daling (PC 7) treating mental diseases by fMRI.

METHODSEight healthy volunteers were enrolled in the study. Acupuncture stimulation was given at Daling (PC 7) in each subject with a stimulating pattern, "rest-stimulation-rest-stimulation-rest". The fMRI data were analyzed with SPM 2 software package.

RESULTSThe activating areas of acupuncture at Daling (PC 7) were mainly on Brodmann 46/47/44/9 areas of inferior frontal gyrus, Brodmann 6 area of middle frontal gyrus, Brodmann 22 area of superior temporal gyrus and Brodmann 40 area of postcentral gyrus and inferior parietal lobule.

CONCLUSIONPathogenetic factors of mental diseases are very complicated, damange or hypofunction or inadequate activation of frontal lobe and temporal lobe are closely related with mental diseases. Therefore, activating the frontal and temporal lobe possibly is one of the mechanisms of acupuncture at Daling (PC 7) treating mental diseases.

Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Adult ; Female ; Frontal Lobe ; physiology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; methods ; Male ; Mental Disorders ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Temporal Lobe ; physiology