Female ; Humans ; Menstruation ; physiology ; Menstruation Disturbances ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Occupational Health ; Stress, Psychological ; complications ; epidemiology ; physiopathology

As part of a survey of 600 women enrolled in a study of postpartum progesterone-only contraception (400 women who opted to use progesterone-only contraception and 200 controls) participants were asked about menstrual history and lactation experience. The mean longest menstrual cycle duration was found to be 29.5+/-SD3.5 days and the mean shortest cycle duration was 26.6+/-SD2.8 days. The mean duration of menstrual bleeding was 3.75+/-SD1.16 days. Few women reported menstrual period problems such as dysmenorrhoea (6.5%) and menorrhagia with clots (0.7%). However, 3% of the women reported irregular cycles with intervals of longer than 1 month. Overall the women reported breastfeeding their previous baby for a mean duration of 14 months. The group of women electing to use hormonal contraception reported that they had breastfed their last baby for 13.5+/-SD7.5 months while control women had done so for 14.1+/-SD9.4 months. The longest mean duration that women reported to have breastfed a previous infant was 19.5+/-SD9.6 months in the hormonal contraception group and 19.1+/-SD8.6 months in the control group.
Adult ; Breast Feeding ; Female ; Humans ; Lactation - physiology ; Menstruation - physiology ; Papua New Guinea - epidemiology

Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Menstruation ; physiology ; Middle Aged ; Occupational Health ; Stress, Psychological ; epidemiology ; Surveys and Questionnaires

BACKGROUNDResumption of menstrual cycles is one of the indicators for restoration of reproductive capability in postpartum women. However, menstruation does not necessarily mean that ovulation has taken place. The aim of this study was to investigate the relation of supplementary feeding to return of menstruation and ovulation after delivery.

METHODSA questionnaire was used to obtain data from 101 breastfeeding mothers. The following elements were analyzed: age, education level, breastfeeding practice, time of return of menstruation, contraceptive practice, and starting time of supplementary feeding during the lactation at intervals of 6 weeks to 18 months after delivery. The ovulation was continuously monitored by ultrasonography and basal body temperature (BBT) measurement.

RESULTSBy ultrasonography, 53 of the 101 women (52.5%) had the first ovulation (follicle > 1.8 cm in diameter) within 154 days after delivery on average, among whom 11 (10.9%, 11/101) had restoration of ovulation within 4 months and 42 (41.6%, 42/101) had it after 4 months. In women with follicles > 1.8 cm in diameter (n = 53), the menstruation resumed (138 +/- 84) days after delivery, and the supplementary feeding was started at (4.0 +/- 1.1) months, which were significantly earlier than those in the women with follicular diameter < 1.7 cm (n = 48; (293 +/- 88) days, (5.1 +/- 1.3) months; t = 9.003, P < 0.01 and t = 4.566, P < 0.01). In the women with follicles < 1.8 cm in diameter, 30 had return of menstruation before the end of ultrasonographic monitoring, while only 8 in the women with follicular diameter < 1.7 cm had menstrual resumption at the same time (chi(2) = 16.91, P < 0.01). The starting time of supplementary feeding was positively correlated with the time of the restoration of menstruation (n = 100, r = 0.4764, P < 0.01) and first ovulation after delivery (n = 53, r = 0.5554, P < 0.01). In this series, no woman had pregnancy within 18 months postpartum.

CONCLUSIONSupplementary feeding can affect the restoration of menstrual cycles and ovulation in lactating postpartum women.

Adult ; Breast Feeding ; Contraception ; Female ; Humans ; Menstruation ; Ovulation ; Postpartum Period ; physiology ; Pregnancy

While hormonal changes during the ovulatory cycles affect multiple body systems, medical management, including medication dosing remains largely uniform between the sexes. Little is known about sex-specific pharmacology in women. Although hormonal fluctuations of the normal menstruating process alters women's physiology and brain biochemistry, medication dosing does not consider such cyclical changes. Using schizophrenia as an example, this paper illustrates how a woman's clinical symptoms can change throughout the ovulatory cycle, leading to fluctuations in medication responses. Effects of sex steroids on the brain, clinical pharmacology are discussed. Effective medication dose may be different at different phases of the menstrual cycle. Further research is needed to better understand optimal treatment strategies in reproductive women; we present a potential clinical trial design for examining optimal medication dosing strategies for conditions that have menstruation related clinical fluctuations.
Biochemistry ; Brain ; Clothing ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Menstrual Cycle ; Menstruation ; Pharmacology ; Pharmacology, Clinical ; Physiology ; Psychopharmacology ; Schizophrenia ; Steroids

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to measure the knowledge. Attitude and the needs of sex education for college students in order to provide basic sex education information. METHOD: For this study, the questionnaires were given to 320 students in the H, D colleage of Daegu and collected during the period from August 25 to October 25, 2003. These results were analyzed statistically by means of frequency, percentage, t-test, chi-squire test. RESULT: Female students have a high score of sexual knowledge about genital physiology, sex physiology, V. D. and contraceptive. Both gender in sexual knowledge, male students correctly responded 86.4% form ejaculating sperm from the penis. Females on the other hand correctly responded 96% in the highest score to menstruation blood through out the vagina. Both gender male and female is wished to be co-education in sex education in college at a freshmen level. Sex education should be under by special lecture when education is in progress. Males student want to learn more about V.D. Females in the other hand want to learn a lot about contraceptive. CONCLUSION: In conclusion college sex education should be basic, knowledgeable and for the future of there on going marriage. It should be responsible in sex education, it should run under regular curriculum in college.
Curriculum ; Daegu ; Education ; Female ; Hand ; Humans ; Male ; Marriage ; Menstruation ; Penis ; Physiology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Sex Education* ; Sexuality* ; Spermatozoa ; Vagina

To establish guidelines to diagnosis and treatment for distending pain in breasts during menstruation in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). With delphi method, survey questionnaires were sent to 40 gynecology experts in TCM and integrated traditional and western medicine, and recovery 35 experts were recoveried which, were analyzed by SPSS 11.5. The experts' activity and professional level was high. The expert's are from all over China and express the typical opinions of all experts in this field. The items in the frame of the guidelines to diagnosis and treatment for distending pain in breasts during menstruation in TCM are generally recognized, but different opinions from the card type, governance, in areas such as prescription standard also exist.
Female ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; methods ; Menstruation ; physiology ; Middle Aged ; Pain ; drug therapy ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Surveys and Questionnaires

To support the ovarian hormone hypothesis in the etiology of breast cancer, a hospital-based case-control study with community controls was conducted to evaluate the relationship of intervals among menstrual and reproductive events to the risk of breast cancer in Korea. The cases were 190 breast cancer patients, who had been histologically diagnosed at Seoul National University Hospital from Jan. 1, 1993 to Jun. 30, 1994. Included were cancer-free women, who had undertaken the Gynecological examination at the same hospital (n=190). Women recruited for a survey of diabetes prevalence in Yonchon County, adjacent to Seoul City, were taken as a community control group (n=190). Information on menstrual and reproductive factors with other life-styles was collected through a direct interview by the well-trained interviewers. The adjusted odds ratios and the 95% confidence intervals were based on the unconditional logistic regression model. Likelihood ratio test for trend was applied for the ordinal variables. Early age at menarche, late age at natural menopause, late age at first full term pregnancy, and fewer number of full term pregnancies are independently associated with the high risk of breast cancer in Korea. Moreover, the interval between the age at menarche and the age at natural menopause of community controls (29.9+/-6.15 years) was significantly shortened compared to breast cancer cases (34.9+/-4.42 years). Particularly noteworthy was that intervals between the age at menarche and the age at first full term pregnancy of both control groups (9.0+/-3.72 years for hospital controls; 7.2+/-4.04 years for community controls) were significantly shortened compared to breast cancer cases (11.0+/-4.51 years). These findings support the hypothesis that the longer exposure to ovarian hormones during the reproductive years, the higher the risk of breast cancer.
Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Breast Neoplasms/*epidemiology ; Case-Control Studies ; Female ; Human ; Korea/epidemiology ; Menstruation/*physiology ; Middle Age ; Pregnancy ; Reproduction/*physiology ; Risk Factors

To support the ovarian hormone hypothesis in the etiology of breast cancer, a hospital-based case-control study with community controls was conducted to evaluate the relationship of intervals among menstrual and reproductive events to the risk of breast cancer in Korea. The cases were 190 breast cancer patients, who had been histologically diagnosed at Seoul National University Hospital from Jan. 1, 1993 to Jun. 30, 1994. Included were cancer-free women, who had undertaken the Gynecological examination at the same hospital (n=190). Women recruited for a survey of diabetes prevalence in Yonchon County, adjacent to Seoul City, were taken as a community control group (n=190). Information on menstrual and reproductive factors with other life-styles was collected through a direct interview by the well-trained interviewers. The adjusted odds ratios and the 95% confidence intervals were based on the unconditional logistic regression model. Likelihood ratio test for trend was applied for the ordinal variables. Early age at menarche, late age at natural menopause, late age at first full term pregnancy, and fewer number of full term pregnancies are independently associated with the high risk of breast cancer in Korea. Moreover, the interval between the age at menarche and the age at natural menopause of community controls (29.9+/-6.15 years) was significantly shortened compared to breast cancer cases (34.9+/-4.42 years). Particularly noteworthy was that intervals between the age at menarche and the age at first full term pregnancy of both control groups (9.0+/-3.72 years for hospital controls; 7.2+/-4.04 years for community controls) were significantly shortened compared to breast cancer cases (11.0+/-4.51 years). These findings support the hypothesis that the longer exposure to ovarian hormones during the reproductive years, the higher the risk of breast cancer.
Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Breast Neoplasms/*epidemiology ; Case-Control Studies ; Female ; Human ; Korea/epidemiology ; Menstruation/*physiology ; Middle Age ; Pregnancy ; Reproduction/*physiology ; Risk Factors

OBJECTIVEThe effect of dietary restriction, intense exercise and menstrual dysfunction on bone mineral density remains controversial. The aim of this study was to assess the skeletal health status and relationship between bone mineral density and nutrient intake, menstrual status, estrogen level and other factos in Chinese adolescent dancers.

METHODSSixty dancers and 77 healthy controls underwent measurements of bone density, body composition, and estrogen level. Nutrient intake, menstrual status and physical activity were assessed with questionnaires. The correlation between these factors were analyzed.

RESULTSThe dancers under study had a significantly lean body mass index (18.3 +/- 1.4 kg/m2 vs. 21.7 +/- 3.1 kg/m2), lower percentage of body fat (0.25 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.34 +/- 0.04) and later age at menarche (14.0 +/- 0.9 y vs. 13.0 +/- 1.3 y), and the estrogen level, daily calorie and fat intake in them were also lower than in the controls. All the dancers undertook intensive physical activity every day and up to 69% of them suffered from irregular menarche. Yet they had relatively high BMD and BMC of the total body and legs than the controls after adjusting for BMI and age. Site-specific BMD was positively correlated to BMI, body composition and training hours per week and negatively correlated to the age at menarche and menstrual frequency.

CONCLUSIONSThe relatively high BMD and BMC of the dancers at the total body and legs were probably caused by high levels of weight-bearing physical activity. To ameliorate disordered eating, especially low energy intake might be helpful to prevent the Triad and to improve the bone health in adolescent dancers.

Adolescent ; Bone Density ; China ; epidemiology ; Dancing ; physiology ; statistics & numerical data ; Energy Intake ; Exercise ; physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Menstruation Disturbances ; epidemiology ; Osteoporosis ; prevention & control ; Sex Characteristics