Binding sites or receptors for prolactin were identified in crude membrane fractions prepared from female lactating Sprague-Dawley rat using receptor radioassay. The results further indicated that the membrane of rat liver cells are rich in prolactin receptors, and the Scatchard analysis of the binding of ~(125)I-oPRL to receptors revealed that female rat liver cells contained two classes of prolactin receptors (Kd_1=3.20?10~(-10) M, Kd_2=1.26?10~(-8)M) with high specificity.

This paper analyzed the status of the medical students'volunteer services in China and abroad , dis-cussed the feasibility and necessity of medical students'volunteer service .The influence factors , elvaluation and ef-fectiveness of the medical students'volunteer services were sumed up , and its development tendency was also dis-cussed .The following suggestions were put forward , namely improving the volunteer service participation , making the voluntary service a routine work , aiming to giving references for medical schools and volunteer organizations car-rying out the medical students'volunteer services .

Objective To determine the role of liver function test in the preoperative diagnosis of concomitant asymptomatic common bile duct (CBD)stone in patients with cholecystolithiasis.Methods A retrospective study was conducted from January 2012 to October 2013 at the Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery,the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College on 426 patients who were operated for cholecystolithiasis.According to whether they had abnormal liver function,these patients were divided into the CBD stone group (n =44) and the cholecystolithiasis group (n =382).The values of the different components of liver functions test such as ALT,AST,AKP,GGT,TBIL and DBIL in diagnosing CBD stone were statistically analyzed.Results This study involved 426 patients,159 men and 231 women,with a mean age of (50.96 ± 12.93) years.44 patients with both CBD stone and cholecystolithiasis.The rates of abnormal liver function were 77.27％ (34/44) vs 4.45％ (17/382) in CBD stone group vs cholecystolithiasis group.The difference was significant (x2 =198.54 ; P =0.000).In logistic regression analysis,only elevated serum level of GGT (OR =10.067 ; P =0.007) remained as an independent predictor of CBD stone.On ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curves analysis,the area under the curve was 0.881.With a cut-off point for GGT at 84.5 U/L,there was a sensitivity of 72.2 per cent,specificity of 96.1 per cent,and positive and negative predictive values of 76.3 per cent and 96.2 per cent respectively.Conclusion Our study showed that liver function,especially GGT,was a predictor of CBD stone.

Objective To evaluate narrow?band imaging(NBI)for early esophageal cancer and pre?cancerous lesions. Methods A total of 170 patients ( 192 lesions) diagnosed as having superficial esophageal carcinoma and precancerous lesions by endoscopy were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical data of endoscopy, narrow?band imaging (NBI) and iodine chromoscopy were analyzed.Results The detection rates of early esophageal cancer were both 100?? 0% in NBI(13/ 13) and iodine staining (13/ 13), with no statisti?cally significant difference (P>0?? 05).The detection rate of high grade intraepithelial neoplasia in NBI and i?odine staining was 94?? 9% (94/ 99) and 100?? 0% (99/ 99) respectively with no statistically significant differ?ence (P>0?? 05); The detection rate of low grade intraepithelial neoplasia in iodine staining was 100?? 0%(80/ 80), significantly higher than that of NBI 78?? 8% (63/ 80) (P<0?? 01).Conclusion NBI and iodine staining endoscopy show better diagnostic value for early esophageal cancer and similar diagnostic value for high grade intraepithelial neoplasia in precancerous lesions. But for the low grade intraepithelial neoplasia, the diagnostic value of iodine staining endoscopy is better than that of NBI.

Objective To evaluate the effects of lung-protective ventilation on the cerebral oxygen metabolism and postoperative cognitive function in elderly patients requiring one-lung ventilation (OLV).Methods Sixty patients of both sexes,aged 65-80 yr,weighing 45-75 kg,of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅱ or Ⅲ,scheduled for elective radical resection for esophageal cancer performed via video-assisted thoracoscope with general aneshesia,were divided into 2 groups (n =30 each)using a random number table:volume-controlled ventilation group (group VCV) and protective ventilation group (group PV).In group VCV,the tidal volume (VT) was set at 10 ml/kg during two-lung ventilation (TLV) and at 7 ml/kg during OLV.In group PV,the VT was set at 7 ml/kg during TLV and at 5 ml/kg during OLV with positive end-expiratory pressure of 5 cmH2O,and lung recruitment maneuver was performed every 45 min with inspiratory pressure at 15,20 and 25 cmH2O,PEEP 5 cmH2O,3 breaths per pressure,5 s/breath.Before induction of anesthesia (T1),at 10 min of TLV (T2),at 30 min of OLV (T3) and at 15 min after restoration of TLV (T4),blood samples were taken from the radial artery and jugular bulb for blood gas analysis,and pH value,arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2),arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO2),arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) and jugular venous oxygen saturation (SjvO2) were recorded.Oxygenation index (OI),intrapulmonary shunt (Qs/Qt),arteriovenous blood O2 content difference (Da-jvO2) and cerebral O2 extraction rate (CERO2) were calculated at the same time.Cognitive function was assessed using Mini-Mental State Examination at 7 days and 1 month after operation,and the development of postoperative cognitive dysfunction was recorded.Results PaO2,DajvO2,CERO2 and Qs/Qt were significantly higher and SjvO2 and OI were lower at T2-4 than at T1 in two groups (P＜0.05).PaO2,SjvO2 and OI were significantly lower and Qs/Qt and CERO2 were higher at T3 than at T2,and Da-jvO2 was higher at T3-4 than at T2 in two groups (P＜0.05).Compared with group VCV,PaO2,PaCO2,SjvO2 and OI were significantly increased and Qs/Qt,Da-jvO2 and CERO2 were decreased at T3,the Mini-Mental State Examination scores were increased on postoperative day 7,and the incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction was decreased in group PV (P＜O.05).Conclusion Lungprotective ventilation is helpful in improving postoperative brain function of elderly patients requiring OLV.

Klotho is a gene associated with aging, the transmembrane protein encoded by this gene is highly expressed in the kidney, and is also expressed in tissues such as the brain, parathyroid and pituitary glands. The extracellular domain of Klotho can also be cleaved and shed to form soluble Klotho, which acts as a circulating hormone and can be detected in blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine. More and more studies have shown that Klotho protein plays an important role in the complex regulation of growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF1) axis. The interaction between Klotho protein and GH-IGF1 axis is bidirectional, which regulates each other, and then regulates the normal linear growth of children. In addition, Klotho protein can also affect the growth and development of fetus and newborn through different ways, and its mechanism is not very clear.

Objective To evaluate the accuracy of variation of the end-tidal pressure of carbon dioxide (△PETCO2) in predicting the fluid responsiveness in patients undergoing resection of gastrointestinal tumor.Methods Forty-six patients of both sexes,aged 40-64 yr,with body mass index of 20-24 kg/m2,of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅱ or Ⅲ,undergoing elective resection of gastrointestinal tumor with general anesthesia,were enrolled in the study.When the change in mean arterial pressure was less than 10％ within 5 min after anesthesia induction,250 ml Ringer's solution was rapidly infused over 10 min via the peripheral vein.Increase in cardiac index after volume expansion ≥ 15％ was considered to be a positive response.The receiver operating characteristic curve for △PETCO2 in determining fluid responsiveness was drawn.Results The results of receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the area under the curve for △PETCO2 in determining fluid responsiveness (95％ confidence interval) was 0.826 (0.730-0.942,P＜0.05),the critical value 21.9％,sensitivity 76.5％,specificity 90.9％.Conclusion △PETCO2 can accurately predict the fluid responsiveness in patients undergoing resection of gastrointestinal tumor.

Objective:To evaluate the relationship between the mitochondrial mechanism of diabetic mellitus-caused abolition of cardioprotection induced by ischemia postconditioning (IPO) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) in rats.Methods:Thirty-six SPF male non-diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 16-20 weeks, weighing about 300 g, were divided into 3 groups ( n=12 each) using a random number table method: sham operation group (ND+ Sham group), ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) group (ND+ I/R group) and IPO group (ND+ IPO group). Seventy-two rats with diabetes mellitus were divided into 6 groups ( n=12 each) using a random number table method: sham operation group (DM+ Sham group), I/R group (DM+ I/R group), DM+ IPO group, sham operation+ dimethyl malonate group (group DM+ Sham+ Dme), I/R+ dimethyl malonate group (group DM+ I/R + Dme) and IPO+ dimethyl malonate group (group DM+ IPO+ Dme). The model of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was established, and the model of total I/R injury was induced by ligating the ascending aorta for 30 min followed by 60 min of reperfusion.The animals underwent 3 cycles of 30-s reperfusion followed by 30-s ischemia starting from the onset of reperfusion in each IPO group.In each Dme group, dimethyl malonate was infused through the tail vein at a rate of 4 mg· kg -1·min -1 for 40 min starting from the beginning of CPB.At the end of reperfusion, the myocardial tissues were taken for measurement of mitochondrial respiratory control ratio (RCR) (by the Lufthansa electrode method), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) (by the JC-1 method) and the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) (by absorptiometry) and for determination of the activity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (with the fluorescent probe), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) (using spectrophotometric method) and the contents of succinic acid and fumarate. Results:Compared with ND+ Sham group, the activities of SDH and ROS, opening of mPTP and content of fumarate were significantly increased, and MMP, RCR and succinic acid content were decreased in ND+ I/R ( P<0.05). Compared with group ND+ I/R, the activities of SDH and ROS, opening of mPTP and content of fumarate were significantly decreased, and MMP, RCR and succinic acid content were increased in ND+ IPO ( P<0.05). Compared with group DM+ Sham, the activities of SDH and ROS, opening of mPTP and content of fumarate were significantly increased, and MMP, RCR and succinic acid content were decreased in group DM+ I/R ( P<0.05). Compared with group DM+ I/R, no significant change was found in the parameters mentioned above in group DM+ IPO ( P>0.05). Compared with group DM+ IPO, the activities of SDH and ROS, opening of mPTP and content of fumarate were significantly decreased, and MMP, RCR and succinic acid content were increased in group DM+ IPO+ Dme ( P<0.05). Compared with group DM+ I/R+ Dme, the activities of SDH and ROS, opening of mPTP and content of fumarate were significantly decreased, and MMP, RCR and succinic acid content were increased in group DM+ IPO+ Dme ( P<0.05). Conclusion:The mitochondrial mechanism of diabetic mellitus-caused abolition of cardioprotection induced by IPO may be related to the enhancement of SDH activity in rats.

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin, which is named for its ultrastructure and immunophenotype similar to Merkel cells in the skin. It has been found that the integration of MCC with the oncogenic Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) may drive tumorigenesis or cause somatic mutations to the development of MCC because of ultraviolet ray-induced DNA damage. However, the pathogenesis of MCC is still unclear. This article introduces the current research progress of the pathogenesis of MCC, hoping to provide theoretical guidance for follow-up researches.

Objective To evaluate the lung-protective effect of lung-protective ventilation (LPV) combined with ventilatory mode pressure-controlled ventilation-volume guaranteed (PCV-VG) in elderly patients undergoing one-lung ventilation (OLV).Methods Eighty American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ-Ⅲ patients,aged 65-80 yr,with body mass index of 15-28 kg/m2,scheduled for elective radical resection for esophageal cancer performed via video-assisted thoracoscope,were divided into 4 groups (n=20 each) using a random number table:control group (group C),PCV-VG group,LPV group and LPV combined with PCV-VG group (group LPV+PCV-VG).At 20 min after changing the body position during two-lung ventilation (T1),30 min of OLV (T2) and 20 min after restoration of two-lung ventilation (T3),blood samples were collected from the radial artery for blood gas analysis and for determination of peak airway pressure (Ppeak),mean airway pressure (P) and dynamic lung compliance (Cdyn).Alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient,intrapulmonary shunt (Qs/Qt),dead space fraction (Vd/VT) and respiratory index were calculated at T2.Blood samples were collected from the radial artery before induction of anesthesia and at the end of operation for determination of plasma neutrophil elastase (NE) concentrations by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score (CPIS) was assessed at 1 and 7 days after operation,and the development of pulmonary complications such as respiratory failure,pulmonary atelectasis and pulmonary infection was recorded within 7 days after operation.Results Compared with group C,Ppeak was significantly decreased,and P was increased in group PCV-VG,Ppeak and PaCO2 were significantly increased and pH value,Vd/VT and Qs/Qt were decreased in group LPV,Ppeak,Vd/VT,Qs/Qt,pH value and postoperative CPIS were significantly decreased,and P Cdyn and PaO2 were increased in group LPV+PCV-VG,and the NE concentration at the end of operation was significantly decreased in PCV-VG,LPV and LPV+PCV-VG groups (P＜0.05).Compared with group PCV-VG,P Cdyn and PaO2 were significantly increased,and pH value,Qs/Qt,NE concentration at the end of operation and CPIS were decreased in group LPV+PCV-VG (P＜0.05).Compared with group LPV,Ppeak,Qs/Qt,NE concentration at the end of operation and CPIS were significantly decreased,and Cdyn was increased in group LPV+PCV-VG (P＜0.05).Pulmonary complications such as respiratory failure,pulmonary atelectasis and pulmonary infection were not observed after operation in the four groups.Conclusion LPV combined with PCV-VG can optimize the lung-protective effect in elderly patients undergoing OLV.